Means For Increasing the Molecular Weight and Decreasing the Density of Ethylene Interpolymers Employing Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalyst Formulations

ABSTRACT

A continuous solution polymerization process is disclosed wherein at least two catalyst formulations are employed. A first homogeneous catalyst formulation is employed in a first reactor to produce a first ethylene interpolymer and a first heterogeneous catalyst formulation is employed in a second reactor to produce a second ethylene interpolymer. Optionally a third ethylene interpolymer is formed in a third reactor. The resulting ethylene interpolymer products possess desirable properties in a variety of end use applications, for example in film applications. A means for increasing the molecular weight of the first ethylene interpolymer is disclosed and/or a means for increasing the temperature of the first reactor, relative to a third homogeneous catalyst formulation. A means for reducing the (α-olefin/ethylene) weight ratio in the first reactor is disclosed and/or reducing the density of the first ethylene interpolymer, relative to a third homogeneous catalyst formulation.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/557,153, filed on Aug. 30, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 15/491,264, filed on Apr. 19, 2017, all ofwhich are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference.

BACKGROUND

Solution polymerization processes are typically carried out attemperatures that are above the melting point of the ethylenehomopolymer or copolymer product. In a typical solution polymerizationprocess, catalyst components, solvent, monomers and hydrogen are fedunder pressure to one or more reactors.

For ethylene polymerization, or ethylene copolymerization, reactortemperatures can range from about 80° C. to about 300° C. whilepressures generally range from about 3 MPag to about 45 MPag. Theethylene homopolymer or copolymer produced remains dissolved in thesolvent under reactor conditions. The residence time of the solvent inthe reactor is relatively short, for example, from about 1 second toabout 20 minutes. The solution process can be operated under a widerange of process conditions that allow the production of a wide varietyof ethylene polymers. Post reactor, the polymerization reaction isquenched to prevent further polymerization, by adding a catalystdeactivator, and passivated, by adding an acid scavenger. Oncepassivated, the polymer solution is forwarded to a polymer recoveryoperation where the ethylene homopolymer or copolymer is separated fromprocess solvent, unreacted residual ethylene and unreacted optionalα-olefin(s).

There is a need to improve the continuous solution polymerizationprocess, for example, to increase the molecular weight of the ethyleneinterpolymer produced at a given reactor temperature. Given a specificcatalyst formulation, it is well known to those of ordinary experiencethat polymer molecular weight increases as reactor temperaturedecreases. However, decreasing reactor temperature can be problematicwhen the viscosity of the solution becomes too high. As a result, in thesolution polymerization process there is a need for catalystformulations that produce high molecular weight ethylene interpolymersat high reactor temperatures. The catalyst formulations and solutionpolymerization processes disclosed herein satisfy this need.

In the solution polymerization process there is also a need for catalystformulations that are very efficient at incorporating one or moreα-olefins into a propagating macromolecular chain. In other words, at agiven [α-olefin/ethylene] weight ratio in a solution polymerizationreactor, there is a need for catalyst formulations that produce lowerdensity ethylene/α-olefin copolymers. Expressed alternatively, there isa need for catalyst formulations that produce an ethylene/α-olefincopolymer, having a specific density, at a lower (α-olefin/ethylene)ratio in the reactor feed. Such catalyst formulations efficientlyutilize the available α-olefin and reduce the amount of α-olefin insolution process recycle streams.

The catalyst formulations and solution process disclosed herein, produceunique ethylene interpolymer products that have desirable properties ina variety of end use applications, for example applications that employethylene interpolymer films. Non-limiting examples of desirable filmproperties include higher film stiffness, higher film tear resistance,lower hexane extractables and lower seal initiation temperature. Filmsprepared from the ethylene interpolymer products, disclosed herein, havethese desirable properties.

SUMMARY OF DISCLOSURE

One embodiment of this disclosure is an ethylene interpolymer productcomprising: (i) a first ethylene interpolymer; (ii) a second ethyleneinterpolymer, and; (iii) optionally a third ethylene interpolymer: wherethe ethylene interpolymer product has a dimensionless Long ChainBranching Factor (LCBF) greater than or equal to about 0.001; from about0.0015 ppm to about 2.4 ppm of hafnium, and; from about 0.1 ppm to about11.4 ppm of titanium.

Additional embodiments of this disclosure include ethylene interpolymerproducts comprising: (i) a first ethylene interpolymer; (ii) a secondethylene interpolymer, and; (iii) optionally a third ethyleneinterpolymer: where the ethylene interpolymer product has adimensionless Long Chain Branching Factor (LCBF) greater than or equalto about 0.001; from about 0.0015 ppm to about 2.4 ppm of hafnium; fromabout 0.1 ppm to about 11.4 ppm of titanium, and; greater than or equalto about 0.02 terminal vinyl unsaturations per 100 carbon atoms.

Further embodiments of this disclosure include ethylene interpolymerproducts comprising: (i) a first ethylene interpolymer; (ii) a secondethylene interpolymer, and; (iii) optionally a third ethyleneinterpolymer: where the ethylene interpolymer product has adimensionless Long Chain Branching Factor (LCBF) greater than or equalto about 0.001; from about 0.0015 ppm to about 2.4 ppm of hafnium; fromabout 0.1 ppm to about 11.4 ppm of titanium, and; greater than or equalto about 0.12 parts per million (ppm) of a total catalytic metal.

Embodiment of this disclosure include ethylene interpolymer productscomprising: (i) a first ethylene interpolymer; (ii) a second ethyleneinterpolymer, and; (iii) optionally a third ethylene interpolymer: wherethe ethylene interpolymer product has a dimensionless Long ChainBranching Factor (LCBF) greater than or equal to about 0.001; from about0.0015 ppm to about 2.4 ppm of hafnium; from about 0.1 ppm to about 11.4ppm of titanium; greater than or equal to about 0.02 terminal vinylunsaturations per 100 carbon atoms, and; greater than or equal to about0.12 parts per million (ppm) of a total catalytic metal.

Embodiments of this disclosure include ethylene interpolymer productshaving a melt index from about 0.3 to about 500 dg/minute. Furtherembodiments include ethylene interpolymer products having a density fromabout 0.862 to about 0.975 g/cc. Other embodiments include ethyleneinterpolymer products having a M_(w)/M_(n) from about 2 to about 25.Embodiments include ethylene interpolymer products having a CDBI₅₀(Composition Distribution Breadth Index) from about 20% to about 98%.

Embodiments include ethylene interpolymer products containing 5 to 60wt. % of a first ethylene interpolymer, 20 to 95 wt. % of a secondethylene interpolymer and 0 to 30 wt. % of a third ethyleneinterpolymer; where wt. % is the weight of the first, the second or theoptional third ethylene interpolymer, individually, divided by the totalweight of the ethylene interpolymer product. Additional embodimentsinclude ethylene interpolymer products where the first ethyleneinterpolymer has a melt index from about 0.01 to about 200 dg/minute,the second ethylene interpolymer has melt index from about 0.3 to about1000 dg/minute, and the third ethylene interpolymer has a melt indexfrom about 0.5 to about 2000 dg/minute. Other embodiments includeethylene interpolymer products where the first ethylene interpolymer hasa density from about 0.855 g/cm³ to about 0.975 g/cc, the secondethylene interpolymer has a density from about 0.89 g/cm³ to about 0.975g/cc, and the third ethylene interpolymer has density from about 0.855g/cm³ to about 0.975 g/cc.

Embodiments include ethylene interpolymer products containing from 0 to10 mole percent of one or more α-olefin, where the α-olefins are C₃ toC₁₀ α-olefins. Non-limiting examples include ethylene interpolymerproducts containing the following α-olefins: 1-octene, 1-hexene or amixture of 1-octene and 1-hexene.

Embodiments of this disclosure include a first ethylene interpolymersynthesized using at least one homogeneous catalyst formulation.Additional embodiments include the synthesis of a first ethyleneinterpolymer using a first homogeneous catalyst formulation. Onenon-limiting example of the first homogeneous catalyst formulation is abridged metallocene catalyst formulation containing a component Adefined by Formula (I)

Embodiments of this disclosure include a second ethylene interpolymersynthesized using a first heterogeneous catalyst formulation.Non-limiting examples of the first heterogeneous catalyst formulationinclude a first in-line Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation or a firstbatch Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation.

Optional embodiments include the synthesis of a third ethyleneinterpolymer using the first heterogeneous catalyst formulation or thesecond heterogeneous catalyst formulation; optionally the first andsecond heterogeneous catalyst formulations are the same formulation.

Further optional embodiments include the synthesis of the third ethyleneinterpolymer using a fifth homogeneous catalyst formulation. The fifthhomogeneous catalyst formulation may be: a bridged metallocene catalystformulation, an unbridged single site catalyst formulation or a fourthhomogeneous catalyst formulation. The fourth homogeneous catalystformulation contains a bulky ligand-metal complex that is not a memberof the chemical genera that defines: a) the bulky ligand-metal complexemployed in the bridged metallocene catalyst formulation, and; b) thebulky ligand-metal complex employed in the unbridged single sitecatalyst formulation.

Embodiments of this disclosure include ethylene interpolymer productscontainings 2.4 ppm of a catalytic metal A, where catalytic metal Aoriginates from the first homogeneous catalyst formulation. Non-limitingexamples of metal A include titanium, zirconium and hafnium. Additionalembodiments include ethylene interpolymer products containing acatalytic metal Z1 and optionally a catalytic metal Z2 and the totalamount of said catalytic metal Z1 plus said catalytic metal Z2 is fromabout 0.1 to about 11.4 parts per million; where catalytic metal Z1originates from the first heterogeneous catalyst formulation andcatalytic metal Z2 originates from the second heterogeneous catalystformulation; optionally catalytic metal Z1 and catalytic metal Z2 arethe same metal. Non-limiting examples of catalytic metals Z1 and Z2include: titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum,chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium, rhenium, iron,ruthenium or osmium (it being understood that metals Z1 and Z2 areindependently selected from this list). Optional embodiments include anethylene interpolymer product containing ≤1 ppm of a catalytic metal D;where catalytic metal D originates from said fourth homogeneous catalystformulation. Non-limiting examples of metal D include titanium,zirconium and hafnium.

Embodiments of the disclosed ethylene interpolymer products contain afirst ethylene interpolymer having a first M_(w)/M_(n) from about 1.7 toabout 2.8, a second ethylene interpolymer having a second M_(w)/M_(n)from about 2.2 to about 4.4 and an optional third ethylene interpolymerhaving a third M_(w)/M_(n) from about 1.7 to about 5.0.

Further embodiments of the ethylene interpolymer products contain afirst ethylene interpolymer having a first CDBI₅₀ from about 70 to about98%, a second ethylene interpolymer having a second CDBI₅₀ from about 45to about 98% and an optional third ethylene interpolymer having a thirdCDBI₅₀ from about 35 to about 98%. This disclosure includes embodimentof a continuous solution polymerization process where a first and asecond reactor are operated in series mode (i.e. the effluent from thefirst reactor flows into the second reactor), a first homogeneouscatalyst formulation is employed in the first reactor and a firstheterogeneous catalyst formulations is employed in the second reactor;optionally the first heterogeneous catalyst formulation or a secondheterogeneous catalyst formulation or a fifth homogeneous catalystformulation is employed in an optional third reactor. This embodiment ofa continuous solution polymerization process comprises: i) injectingethylene, a process solvent, a first homogeneous catalyst formulation,optionally one or more α-olefins and optionally hydrogen into a firstreactor to produce a first exit stream containing a first ethyleneinterpolymer in process solvent; ii) passing the first exit stream intoa second reactor and injecting into the second reactor, ethylene,process solvent, a first heterogeneous catalyst formulation, optionallyone or more α-olefins and optionally hydrogen to produce a second exitstream containing a second ethylene interpolymer and the first ethyleneinterpolymer in process solvent; iii) passing the second exit streaminto a third reactor and optionally injecting into the third reactor,ethylene, process solvent, one or more α-olefins, hydrogen and one ormore of the first heterogeneous catalyst formulation, a secondheterogeneous catalyst formulation and a fifth homogenous catalystformulation to produce a third exit stream containing an optional thirdethylene interpolymer, the second ethylene interpolymer and the firstethylene interpolymer in process solvent; iv) phase separating the thirdexit stream to recover an ethylene interpolymer product comprising thefirst ethylene interpolymer, the second ethylene interpolymer and theoptional third ethylene interpolymer. The solution process, series modeembodiments, were improved by having a lower [α-olefin/ethylene] weightratio in the first reactor and/or the first reactor produces a highermolecular first ethylene interpolymer. In some embodiments, thedisclosed solution process had at least a 70% improved (reduced)[α-olefin/ethylene] weight ratio as defined by the following formula

${\% \mspace{14mu} {{Reduced}\mspace{14mu}\lbrack \frac{\alpha - {olefin}}{ethylene} \rbrack}} = {{100 \times \{ \frac{( \frac{\alpha - {olefin}}{ethylene} )^{A} - ( \frac{\alpha - {olefin}}{ethylene} )^{C}}{( \frac{\alpha - {olefin}}{ethylene} )^{C}} \}} \leq {{- 70}\%}}$

where (α-olefin/ethylene)^(A) was calculated by dividing the weight ofα-olefin added to the first reactor by the weight of ethylene added tothe first reactor where a first ethylene interpolymer having a targetdensity was produced by the first homogeneous catalyst formulation, and;(α-olefin/ethylene) was calculated by dividing the weight of α-olefinadded to the first reactor by the weight of ethylene added to the firstreactor where a control ethylene interpolymer having the target densitywas produced by replacing the first homogeneous catalyst formulationwith a third homogeneous catalyst formulation. In other embodiments ofthe solution polymerization process had at least a 5% improved (higher)weight average molecular weight as defined by the following formula

% Improved M _(w)=100%×(M _(w) ^(A) −M _(w) ^(C))/M _(w) ^(C)≥5%

where M_(w) ^(A) was the weight average molecular weight of the firstethylene interpolymer and M_(w) ^(C) was the weight average molecularweight of a comparative ethylene interpolymer; where the comparativeethylene interpolymer was produced in the first reactor by replacing thefirst homogeneous catalyst formulation with the third homogeneouscatalyst formulation.

In another embodiment of the continuous solution polymerization processthe first and second reactors are operated in parallel mode, i.e. thefirst exit stream (exiting the first reactor) by-passes the secondreactor and the first exit stream is combined with the second exitstream (exiting the second reactor) downstream of the second reactor.Parallel mode embodiments comprises: i) injecting ethylene, a processsolvent, a first homogeneous catalyst formulation, optionally one ormore α-olefins and optionally hydrogen into a first reactor to produce afirst exit stream containing a first ethylene interpolymer in processsolvent; ii) injecting ethylene, process solvent, a first heterogeneouscatalyst formulation, optionally one or more α-olefins and optionallyhydrogen into a second reactor to produce a second exit streamcontaining a second ethylene interpolymer in process solvent; iii)combining the first and second exit streams to form a third exit stream;iv) passing the third exit stream into a third reactor and optionallyinjecting into the third reactor, ethylene, process solvent, one or moreα-olefins, hydrogen and one or more of the first heterogeneous catalystformulation, a second heterogeneous catalyst formulation and a fifthhomogenous catalyst formulation to produce a fourth exit streamcontaining an optional third ethylene interpolymer, the second ethyleneinterpolymer and the first ethylene interpolymer in said processsolvent; v) phase separating the fourth exit stream to recover anethylene interpolymer product comprising the first ethyleneinterpolymer, the second ethylene interpolymer and the optional thirdethylene interpolymer. Parallel mode embodiment were improved by havinga lower [α-olefin/ethylene] weight ratio in the first reactor and/or ahigher molecular first ethylene interpolymer, as characterized by theseries mode embodiments described immediately above.

Additional embodiments of the series and parallel solutionpolymerization processes include the post reactor addition of a catalystdeactivator to neutralize or deactivate the catalysts, forming adeactivated solution. In further embodiments, the series and parallelsolution polymerization process may also include an additional stepwhere a passivator is added to the deactivated solution, forming apassivated solution.

The solution polymerization processes described above, includesembodiments where the first homogeneous catalyst formulation was abridged metallocene catalyst formulation. Additional embodimentsincluded steps where the catalyst inlet temperature was adjusted tooptimize the activity of the bridged metallocene catalyst formulation.

The solution polymerization processes disclosed include embodiment wherethe third homogeneous catalyst formulation was an unbridged single sitecatalyst formulation.

The disclosed solution polymerization processes include embodimentswhere the first heterogeneous catalyst formulation is a Ziegler-Nattacatalyst formulation prepared using an in-line process, hereinafter the‘first in-line Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation’. In alternativeembodiments the first heterogeneous catalyst formulation is aZiegler-Natta catalyst formulation prepared using a batch process,hereinafter the ‘first batch Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation’.

Optionally, the first in-line or first batch Ziegler-Natta catalystformulations may be injected into the third reactor to produce theoptional third ethylene interpolymer; or a second in-line Ziegler-Nattaformulation or a second batch Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation may beproduced and injected into the third reactor. Optionally, a fifthhomogeneous catalyst formulation may be injected into the third reactorto produce the optional third ethylene interpolymer.

Further embodiments include the solution process synthesis of anethylene interpolymer product that includes a means for reducing, by atleast −70%, the [α-olefin/ethylene] weight ratio required to produce thefirst ethylene interpolymer (in the ethylene interpolymer product),where the first ethylene interpolymer has a target density; the meansinvolves the appropriate selection of the catalyst formulation employedin the first reactor.

Further embodiments include the synthesis of a solution process ethyleneinterpolymer product that includes a means for increasing, by at least5%, the weight average molecular weight (M_(w)) of the first ethyleneinterpolymer (in the ethylene interpolymer product); the means involvesthe appropriate selection of the catalyst formulation employed in thefirst reactor. Further embodiments of the present disclosure includemanufactured articles; non-limiting examples of manufactured articlesinclude flexible articles such as films and rigid articles such acontainers.

Manufactured articles embodiments include a polyethylene film comprisingat least one layer, where the layer comprises at least one ethyleneinterpolymer product disclosed herein, and the film has an improvedmachine direction 1% secant modulus, by being at least 25% improved(higher), relative to a comparative polyethylene film of the samecomposition but the first ethylene interpolymer in the ethyleneinterpolymer product is replaced with a comparative ethyleneinterpolymer; where the first ethylene interpolymer was synthesized witha bridged metallocene catalyst formulation and the comparative ethyleneinterpolymer was synthesized with an unbridged single site catalystformulation.

Further embodiments include a polyethylene film comprising at least onelayer, where the layer comprises at least one ethylene interpolymerproduct disclosed herein, and the film has an improved transversedirection 1% secant modulus, by being at least 40% improved (higher),relative to a comparative polyethylene film of the same composition butsaid first ethylene interpolymer is replaced with a comparative ethyleneinterpolymer; where the first ethylene interpolymer was synthesized witha bridged metallocene catalyst formulation and the comparative ethyleneinterpolymer was synthesized with an unbridged single site catalystformulation.

Embodiments include a polyethylene film comprising at least one layer,where the layer comprises at least one ethylene interpolymer productdisclosed herein, and the film has improved weight % hexaneextractables, by being at least 40% improved (lower), relative to acomparative polyethylene film of the same composition but the firstethylene interpolymer was replaced with a comparative ethyleneinterpolymer; where the first ethylene interpolymer was synthesized witha bridged metallocene catalyst formulation and the comparative ethyleneinterpolymer was synthesized with an unbridged single site catalystformulation.

Further embodiments include a polyethylene film comprising at least onelayer, where the layer comprises at least one ethylene interpolymerproduct disclosed herein, and the film has an improved machine directionElmendorf tear strength, by being at least 15% improved (higher),relative to a comparative polyethylene film of the same composition butthe first ethylene interpolymer was replaced with a comparative ethyleneinterpolymer; where the first ethylene interpolymer was synthesized witha bridged metallocene catalyst formulation and the comparative ethyleneinterpolymer was synthesized with an unbridged single site catalystformulation; where both the first ethylene interpolymer and thecomparative ethylene interpolymer are synthesized in a dual reactorsolution process where the first and second reactor are configured inparallel.

Additional embodiments include a polyethylene film comprising at leastone layer, where the layer comprises at least one ethylene interpolymerproduct disclosed herein, and the film has an improved seal initiationtemperature, by being at least 5% improved (lower), relative to acomparative polyethylene film of the same composition but said firstethylene interpolymer was replaced with a comparative ethyleneinterpolymer; wherein the first ethylene interpolymer was synthesizedwith a bridged metallocene catalyst formulation and the comparativeethylene interpolymer was synthesized with an unbridged single sitecatalyst formulation; where both the first ethylene interpolymer and thecomparative ethylene interpolymer were synthesized in a dual reactorsolution process where the first and second reactor were configured inparallel.

Further embodiments include a polyethylene film comprising at least onelayer, where the layer comprises at least one ethylene interpolymerproduct and at least one second polymer. Non-limiting examples of secondpolymers include ethylene polymers, propylene polymers or a mixture ofethylene polymers and propylene polymers.

Additional embodiments include a polyethylene films having a thicknessfrom about 0.5 mil to about 10 mil. Embodiments also include multilayerfilms comprises from 2 to 11 layers, where at least one layer comprisesat least one of the ethylene interpolymer products disclosed herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

The following Figures are presented for the purpose of illustratingselected embodiments of this disclosure; it being understood, that theembodiments in this disclosure are not limited to the precisearrangement of, or the number of, vessels shown.

FIG. 1 shows the determination of the Long Chain Branching Factor(LCBF). The abscissa plotted was the log of the corrected Zero ShearViscosity (log(ZSV_(c))) and the ordinate plotted was the log of thecorrected Intrinsic Viscosity (log(IV_(c))). Ethylene polymers that donot have LCB, or undetectable LCB, fall on the reference line. Ethylenepolymers having LCB deviate from the reference line and werecharacterized by the dimensionless Long Chain Branching Factor (LCBF).LCBF=(S_(h)×S_(v))/2; where S_(h) and S_(v) are horizontal and verticalshift factors, respectively.

FIG. 2 illustrates a continuous solution polymerization process where afirst homogeneous catalyst formulation and an in-line heterogeneouscatalyst formulation is employed.

FIG. 3 illustrates a continuous solution polymerization process where afirst homogeneous catalyst formulation and a batch heterogeneouscatalyst formulation is employed.

FIG. 4 illustrates the nomenclature used to identify various carbonatoms that give rise to signals in ¹³C NMR spectra.

FIG. 5 deconvolution of ethylene interpolymer product Example 4 into afirst, second and third ethylene interpolymer.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Other than in the examples or where otherwise indicated, all numbers orexpressions referring to quantities of ingredients, extrusionconditions, etc., used in the specification and claims are to beunderstood as modified in all instances by the term “about.”Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parametersset forth in the following specification and attached claims areapproximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties thatthe various embodiments desire to obtain. At the very least, and not asan attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents tothe scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least beconstrued in light of the number of reported significant digits and byapplying ordinary rounding techniques. The numerical values set forth inthe specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Anynumerical values, however, inherently contain certain errors necessarilyresulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testingmeasurements.

It should be understood that any numerical range recited herein isintended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, arange of “1 to 10” is intended to include all sub-ranges between andincluding the recited minimum value of 1 and the recited maximum valueof 10; that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1 and amaximum value of equal to or less than 10. Because the disclosednumerical ranges are continuous, they include every value between theminimum and maximum values. Unless expressly indicated otherwise, thevarious numerical ranges specified in this application areapproximations.

All compositional ranges expressed herein are limited in total to and donot exceed 100 percent (volume percent or weight percent) in practice.Where multiple components can be present in a composition, the sum ofthe maximum amounts of each component can exceed 100 percent, with theunderstanding that, and as those skilled in the art readily understand,that the amounts of the components actually used will conform to themaximum of 100 percent.

In order to form a more complete understanding of this disclosure thefollowing terms are defined and should be used with the accompanyingfigures and the description of the various embodiments throughout.

As used herein, the term “monomer” refers to a small molecule that maychemically react and become chemically bonded with itself or othermonomers to form a polymer.

As used herein, the term “α-olefin” is used to describe a monomer havinga linear hydrocarbon chain containing from 3 to 20 carbon atoms having adouble bond at one end of the chain; an equivalent term is “linearα-olefin”.

As used herein, the term “ethylene polymer”, refers to macromoleculesproduced from ethylene monomers and optionally one or more additionalmonomers; regardless of the specific catalyst or specific process usedto make the ethylene polymer. In the polyethylene art, the one or moreadditional monomers are called “comonomer(s)” and often includeα-olefins. The term “homopolymer” refers to a polymer that contains onlyone type of monomer. Common ethylene polymers include high densitypolyethylene (HDPE), medium density polyethylene (MDPE), linear lowdensity polyethylene (LLDPE), very low density polyethylene (VLDPE),ultralow density polyethylene (ULDPE), plastomer and elastomers. Theterm ethylene polymer also includes polymers produced in a high pressurepolymerization processes; non-limiting examples include low densitypolyethylene (LDPE), ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA), ethylenealkyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene acrylic acid copolymers and metalsalts of ethylene acrylic acid (commonly referred to as ionomers). Theterm ethylene polymer also includes block copolymers which may include 2to 4 comonomers. The term ethylene polymer also includes combinationsof, or blends of, the ethylene polymers described above.

The term “ethylene interpolymer” refers to a subset of polymers withinthe “ethylene polymer” group that excludes polymers produced in highpressure polymerization processes; non-limiting examples of polymerproduced in high pressure processes include LDPE and EVA (the latter isa copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate).

The term “heterogeneous ethylene interpolymers” refers to a subset ofpolymers in the ethylene interpolymer group that are produced using aheterogeneous catalyst formulation; non-limiting examples of whichinclude Ziegler-Natta or chromium catalysts.

The term “homogeneous ethylene interpolymer” refers to a subset ofpolymers in the ethylene interpolymer group that are produced usinghomogeneous catalyst formulations. Typically, homogeneous ethyleneinterpolymers have narrow molecular weight distributions, for exampleSize Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) M_(w)/M_(n) values of less than 2.8;M_(w) and M_(n) refer to weight and number average molecular weights,respectively. In contrast, the M_(w)/M_(n) of heterogeneous ethyleneinterpolymers are typically greater than the M_(w)/M_(n) of homogeneousethylene interpolymers. In general, homogeneous ethylene interpolymersalso have a narrow comonomer distribution, i.e. each macromoleculewithin the molecular weight distribution has a similar comonomercontent. Frequently, the composition distribution breadth index “CDBI”is used to quantify how the comonomer is distributed within an ethyleneinterpolymer, as well as to differentiate ethylene interpolymersproduced with different catalysts or processes. The “CDBI₅₀” is definedas the percent of ethylene interpolymer whose composition is within 50%of the median comonomer composition; this definition is consistent withthat described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,075 assigned to Exxon ChemicalPatents Inc. The CDBI₅₀ of an ethylene interpolymer can be calculatedfrom TREF curves (Temperature Rising Elution Fractionation); the TREFmethod is described in Wild, et al., J. Polym. Sci., Part B, Polym.Phys., Vol. 20 (3), pages 441-455. Typically the CDBI₅₀ of homogeneousethylene interpolymers are greater than about 70%. In contrast, theCDBI₅₀ of α-olefin containing heterogeneous ethylene interpolymers aregenerally lower than the CDBI₅₀ of homogeneous ethylene interpolymers. Ablend of two or more homogeneous ethylene interpolymers, that differ incomonomer content, may have a CDBI₅₀ less than 70%; in this disclosuresuch a blend was defined as a homogeneous blend or homogeneouscomposition. Similarly, a blend of two or more homogeneous ethyleneinterpolymers, that differ in weight average molecular weight (M_(w)),may have a M_(w)/M_(n)≥2.8; in this disclosure such a blend was definedas a homogeneous blend or homogeneous composition.

In this disclosure, the term “homogeneous ethylene interpolymer” refersto both linear homogeneous ethylene interpolymers and substantiallylinear homogeneous ethylene interpolymers. In the art, linearhomogeneous ethylene interpolymers are generally assumed to have no longchain branches or an undetectable amount of long chain branches; whilesubstantially linear ethylene interpolymers are generally assumed tohave greater than about 0.01 to about 3.0 long chain branches per 1000carbon atoms. A long chain branch is macromolecular in nature, i.e.similar in length to the macromolecule that the long chain branch isattached to.

In this disclosure the term homogeneous catalyst is used, for example todescribe a first, a third, a fourth and a fifth homogeneous catalystformulation. The term catalyst refers to the chemical compoundcontaining the catalytic metal, which is a metal-ligand complex. In thisdisclosure, the term ‘homogeneous catalyst’ is defined by thecharacteristics of the polymer produced by the homogeneous catalyst.Specifically, a catalyst is a homogeneous catalyst if it produces ahomogeneous ethylene interpolymer that has a narrow molecular weightdistribution (SEC M_(w)/M_(n) values of less than 2.8) and a narrowcomonomer distribution (CDBI₅₀>70%). Homogeneous catalysts are wellknown in the art. Two subsets of the homogeneous catalyst genus includeunbridged metallocene catalysts and bridged metallocene catalysts.Unbridged metallocene catalysts are characterized by two bulky ligandsbonded to the catalytic metal, a non-limiting example includesbis(isopropyl-cyclopentadienyl) hafnium dichloride. In bridgedmetallocene catalysts the two bulky ligands are covalently bonded(bridged) together, a non-limiting example includes diphenylmethylene(cyclopentadienyl) (2,7-di-t-butylfuorenyl) hafnium dichloride; whereinthe diphenylmethylene group bonds, or bridges, the cyclopentadienyl andfluorenyl bulky ligands together. Two additional subsets of thehomogeneous catalyst genus include unbridged and bridged single sitecatalysts. In this disclosure, single site catalysts are characterizedas having only one bulky ligand bonded to the catalytic metal. Anon-limiting example of an unbridged single site catalyst includescyclopentadienyl tri(tertiary butyl)phosphinimine titanium dichloride. Anon-limiting example of a bridged single site catalyst includes[C₅(CH₃)₄—Si(CH₃)₂—N(tBu)] titanium dichloride, where the —Si(CH₃)₂—group functions as the bridging group.

Herein, the term “polyolefin” includes ethylene polymers and propylenepolymers; non-limiting examples of propylene polymers include isotactic,syndiotactic and atactic propylene homopolymers, random propylenecopolymers containing at least one comonomer (e.g. α-olefins) and impactpolypropylene copolymers or heterophasic polypropylene copolymers.

The term “thermoplastic” refers to a polymer that becomes liquid whenheated, will flow under pressure and solidify when cooled. Thermoplasticpolymers include ethylene polymers as well as other polymers used in theplastic industry; non-limiting examples of other polymers commonly usedin film applications include barrier resins (EVOH), tie resins,polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamides and the like. As usedherein the term “monolayer film” refers to a film containing a singlelayer of one or more thermoplastics.

As used herein, the terms “hydrocarbyl”, “hydrocarbyl radical” or“hydrocarbyl group” refers to linear, branched, or cyclic, aliphatic,olefinic, acetylenic and aryl (aromatic) radicals comprising hydrogenand carbon that are deficient by one hydrogen.

As used herein, an “alkyl radical” includes linear, branched and cyclicparaffin radicals that are deficient by one hydrogen radical;non-limiting examples include methyl (—CH₃) and ethyl (—CH₂CH₃)radicals. The term “alkenyl radical” refers to linear, branched andcyclic hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bondthat is deficient by one hydrogen radical.

As used herein, the term “aryl” group includes phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyland other radicals whose molecules have an aromatic ring structure;non-limiting examples include naphthylene, phenanthrene and anthracene.An “arylalkyl” group is an alkyl group having an aryl group pendantthere from; non-limiting examples include benzyl, phenethyl andtolylmethyl; an “alkylaryl” is an aryl group having one or more alkylgroups pendant there from; non-limiting examples include tolyl, xylyl,mesityl and cumyl.

As used herein, the phrase “heteroatom” includes any atom other thancarbon and hydrogen that can be bound to carbon. A“heteroatom-containing group” is a hydrocarbon radical that contains aheteroatom and may contain one or more of the same or differentheteroatoms. In one embodiment, a heteroatom-containing group is ahydrocarbyl group containing from 1 to 3 atoms selected from the groupconsisting of boron, aluminum, silicon, germanium, nitrogen,phosphorous, oxygen and sulfur. Non-limiting examples ofheteroatom-containing groups include radicals of imines, amines, oxides,phosphines, ethers, ketones, oxoazolines heterocyclics, oxazolines,thioethers, and the like. The term “heterocyclic” refers to ring systemshaving a carbon backbone that comprise from 1 to 3 atoms selected fromthe group consisting of boron, aluminum, silicon, germanium, nitrogen,phosphorous, oxygen and sulfur. As used herein the term “unsubstituted”means that hydrogen radicals are bounded to the molecular group thatfollows the term unsubstituted. The term “substituted” means that thegroup following this term possesses one or more moieties that havereplaced one or more hydrogen radicals in any position within the group;non-limiting examples of moieties include halogen radicals (F, Cl, Br),hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, carboxyl groups, amine groups,phosphine groups, alkoxy groups, phenyl groups, naphthyl groups, C₁ toC₁₀ alkyl groups, C₂ to C₁₀ alkenyl groups, and combinations thereof.Non-limiting examples of substituted alkyls and aryls include: acylradicals, alkylamino radicals, alkoxy radicals, aryloxy radicals,alkylthio radicals, dialkylamino radicals, alkoxycarbonyl radicals,aryloxycarbonyl radicals, carbomoyl radicals, alkyl- anddialkyl-carbamoyl radicals, acyloxy radicals, acylamino radicals,arylamino radicals and combinations thereof.

Herein the term “R1” and its superscript form “^(R1)” refers to a firstreactor in a continuous solution polymerization process; it beingunderstood that R1 is distinctly different from the symbol R¹; thelatter is used in chemical formula, e.g. representing a hydrocarbylgroup. Similarly, the term “R2” and it's superscript form “^(R2)” refersto a second reactor, and; the term “R3” and it's superscript form“^(R3)” refers to a third reactor.

As used herein, the term “oligomers” refers to an ethylene polymer oflow molecular weight, e.g., an ethylene polymer with a weight averagemolecular weight (M_(w)) of about 2000 to 3000 daltons. Other commonlyused terms for oligomers include “wax” or “grease”. As used herein, theterm “light-end impurities” refers to chemical compounds with relativelylow boiling points that may be present in the various vessels andprocess streams within a continuous solution polymerization process;non-limiting examples include, methane, ethane, propane, butane,nitrogen, CO₂, chloroethane, HCl, etc.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Catalysts

Catalyst formulations that are efficient in polymerizing olefins arewell known. In the embodiments disclosed herein, at least two catalystformulations were employed in a continuous solution polymerizationprocess. One of the catalyst formulations comprised a first homogeneouscatalyst formulation that produces a homogeneous first ethyleneinterpolymer in a first reactor, one embodiment of the first homogeneouscatalyst formulation was a bridged metallocene catalyst formulation(Formula (I)). The other catalyst formulation comprised a firstheterogeneous catalyst formulation that produced a heterogeneous secondethylene interpolymer in a second reactor. Optionally a third ethyleneinterpolymer may be produced in a third reactor using one or more of:the first heterogeneous catalyst formulation, a second heterogeneouscatalyst formulation and/or a fifth homogeneous catalyst formulation.The fifth homogeneous catalyst formulation was selected from the firsthomogeneous catalyst formulation, a third homogeneous catalystformulation and/or a fourth homogeneous catalyst formulation; anembodiment of the third homogeneous catalyst formulation was anunbridged single site catalyst formulation (Formula (II)) and the fourthhomogeneous catalyst formulation contains a bulky ligand-metal complexthat was not a species of the chemical genera defined by Formula (I) orFormula (II). In the continuous solution process disclosed, at least onehomogeneous ethylene interpolymer and at least one heterogeneousethylene interpolymer were produced and solution blended to produce anethylene interpolymer product.

Bulky Ligand-Metal Complexes

Component A

The present disclosure included “a first homogeneous catalystformulation”. One embodiment of the first homogeneous catalystformulation was “a bridged metallocene catalyst formulation” containinga bulky ligand-metal complex, hereinafter “component A”, represented byFormula (I).

In Formula (I): non-limiting examples of M include Group 4 metals, i.e.titanium, zirconium and hafnium; non-limiting examples of G includeGroup 14 elements, carbon, silicon, germanium, tin and lead; Xrepresents a halogen atom, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine; the R₆groups are independently selected from a hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₂₀hydrocarbyl radical, a C₁₋₂₀ alkoxy radical or a C₆₋₁₀ aryl oxideradical (these radicals may be linear, branched or cyclic or furthersubstituted with halogen atoms, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl radicals, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxyradicals, C₆₋₁₀ aryl or aryloxy radicals); R₁ represents a hydrogenatom, a C₁₋₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a C₁₋₂₀ alkoxy radical or a C₆₋₁₀aryl oxide radical; R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from a hydrogenatom, a C₁₋₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a C₁₋₂₀ alkoxy radical or a C₆₋₁₀aryl oxide radical, and; R₄ and R₅ are independently selected from ahydrogen atom, a C₁₋₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a C₁₋₂₀ alkoxy radical or aC₆₋₁₀ aryl oxide radical.

In the art, a commonly used term for the X(R₆) group shown in Formula(I) is “leaving group”, i.e. any ligand that can be abstracted fromFormula (I) forming a catalyst species capable of polymerizing one ormore olefin(s). An equivalent term for the X(R₆) group is an“activatable ligand”. Further non-limiting examples of the X(R₆) groupshown in Formula (I) include weak bases such as amines, phosphines,ethers, carboxylates and dienes. In another embodiment, the two R₆groups may form part of a fused ring or ring system.

Further embodiments of component A include structural, optical orenantiomeric isomers (meso and racemic isomers) and mixtures thereof ofthe structure shown in Formula (I).

In this disclosure, various species of component A (Formula (I)) weredenoted by the terms “component A1”, “component A2” and “component A3”,etc. While not to be construed as limiting, two species of component Awere employed as examples in this disclosure. Specifically: “componentA” refers todiphenylmethylene(cyclo-pentadienyl)(2,7-di-t-butylfuorenyl)hafniumdichloride having the molecular formula [(2,7-tBu₂Flu)Ph₂C(Cp)HfCl₂],and; “component A2” refers todiphenylmethylene-(cyclopentadienyl)(2,7-di-t-butylfuorenyl)hafniumdimethyl having the molecular formula [(2,7-tBu₂Flu)Ph₂C(Cp)HfMe₂]. Inthis disclosure, component A1 and component A2 were used to prepareexamples of the bridged metallocene catalyst formulation.

Long Chain Branching in Ethylene Interpolymer Products (via Component A)

In this disclosure, the first homogeneous catalyst formulation,comprising a component A, produces ethylene interpolymer products thathave long chain branches, hereinafter ‘LCB’.

LCB is a well-known structural phenomenon in polyethylenes and wellknown to those of ordinary skill in the art. Traditionally, there arethree methods for LCB analysis, namely, nuclear magnetic resonancespectroscopy (NMR), for example see J. C. Randall, J Macromol. Sci.,Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1989, 29, 201; triple detection SEC equippedwith a DRI, a viscometer and a low-angle laser light scatteringdetector, for example see W. W. Yau and D. R. Hill, Int. J. Polym. Anal.Charact. 1996; 2:151; and rheology, for example see W. W. Graessley,Acc. Chem. Res. 1977, 10, 332-339. In this disclosure, a long chainbranch is macromolecular in nature, i.e. long enough to be seen in anNMR spectra, triple detector SEC experiments or rheological experiments.

A limitation with LCB analysis via NMR is that it cannot distinguishbranch length for branches equal to or longer than six carbon atoms(thus, NMR cannot be used to characterize LCB in ethylene/1-octenecopolymers, which have hexyl groups as side branches).

The triple detection SEC method measures the intrinsic viscosity ([η])(see W. W. Yau, D. Gillespie, Analytical and Polymer Science, TAPPIPolymers, Laminations, and Coatings Conference Proceedings, Chicago2000; 2: 699 or F. Beer, G. Capaccio, L. J. Rose, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.1999, 73: 2807 or P. M. Wood-Adams, J. M. Dealy, A. W. deGroot, O. D.Redwine, Macromolecules 2000; 33: 7489). By referencing the intrinsicviscosity of a branched polymer ([η]_(b)) to that of a linear one([η]_(l)) at the same molecular weight, the viscosity branching indexfactor g′ (g′=[η]_(b)/[η]_(l)) was used for branching characterization.However, both short chain branching (SCB) and long chain branching (LCB)make contribution to the intrinsic viscosity ([η]), effort was made toisolate the SCB contribution for ethylene/1-butene and ethylene/1-hexenecopolymers but not ethylene/1-octene copolymers (see Lue et al., U.S.Pat. No. 6,870,010 B1). In this disclosure, a systematical investigationwas performed to look at the SCB impact on the Mark-Houwink constant Kfor three types ethylene/1-olefin copolymers, i.e. octene, hexene andbutene copolymers. After the deduction of SCB contribution, a ViscosityLCB Index was introduced for the characterization of ethylene/1-olefincopolymers containing LCB. The Viscosity LCB Index was defined as themeasured Mark-Houwink constant (K_(m)) in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB)at 140° C. for the sample divided by the SCB corrected Mark-Houwinkconstant (K_(co)) for linear ethylene/1-olefin copolymer, Eq.(1).

$\begin{matrix}{{{Viscosity}\mspace{14mu} {LCB}\mspace{14mu} {Index}} = {\frac{K_{m}}{K_{co}} = \frac{\lbrack\eta\rbrack \text{/}M_{v}^{0.725}}{( {391.98 - {A \times {SCB}}} )\text{/}1000000}}} & {{Eq}.(1)}\end{matrix}$

Where [η] was the intrinsic viscosity (dL/g) determined by 3D-SEC, Mywas the viscosity average molar mass (g/mole) determined using 3D-SEC;SCB was the short chain branching content (CH₃#/1000 C) determined usingFTIR, and; A was a constant which depends on the α-olefin present in theethylene/α-olefin interpolymer under test, specifically, A is 2.1626,1.9772 and 1.1398 for 1-octene, 1-hexene and 1-butene respectively. Inthe case of an ethylene homopolymer no correction is required for theMark-Houwink constant, i.e. SCB is zero.

In the art, rheology has also been an effective method to measure theamount of LCB, or lack of, in ethylene interpolymers. Severalrheological methods to quantify LCB have been disclosed. Onecommonly-used method was based on zero-shear viscosity (η₀) and weightaverage molar mass (M_(w)) data. The 3.41 power dependence (η₀=K×M_(w)^(3.41)) has been established for monodisperse polyethylene solelycomposed of linear chains, for example see R. L. Arnett and C. P.Thomas, J. Phys. Chem. 1980, 84, 649-652. An ethylene polymer with a noexceeding what was expected for a linear ethylene polymer, with the sameM_(w), was considered to contain long-chain branches. However, there isa debate in the field regarding the influence of polydispersity, e.g.M_(w)/M_(n). A dependence on polydispersity was observed in some cases(see M. Ansari et al., Rheol. Acta, 2011, 5017-27) but not in others(see T. P. Karjala et al., Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2011,636-646).

Another example of LCB analysis via rheology was based on zero-shearviscosity (η₀) and intrinsic viscosity ([η]) data, for example see R. N.Shroff and H. Mavridis, Macromolecules 1999, 32, 8454; which isapplicable for essentially linear polyethylenes (i.e. polyethylenes withvery low levels of LCB). A critical limitation of this method is thecontribution of the SCB to the intrinsic viscosity. It is well knownthat [η] decreases with increasing SCB content.

In this disclosure, a systematical investigation was performed to lookat the impact of both SCB and molar mass distribution. After thededuction of the contribution of both SCB and molar mass distribution(polydispersity), a Long Chain Branching Factor (LCBF) was introduced tocharacterize the amount of LCB in ethylene/α-olefin copolymers, asdescribed below.

Long Chain Branching Factor (LCBF)

In this disclosure the Long Chain Branching Factor, hereinafter LCBF,was used to characterize the amount of LCB in ethylene interpolymerproducts. The disclosed ethylene interpolymer products were in-situblends of at least two ethylene interpolymers produced with at least twodifferent catalyst formulations.

FIG. 1 illustrates the calculation of the LCBF. The solid ‘ReferenceLine’ shown in FIG. 1 characterizes ethylene polymers that do notcontain LCB (or undetectable LCB). Ethylene polymers containing LCBdeviate from this Reference Line. For example, the disclosed ethyleneinterpolymer products Examples 1 through 4 (the open circles in FIG. 1)deviate horizontally and vertically from the Reference Line.

LCBF calculation requires the polydispersity corrected Zero ShearViscosity (ZSV_(c)) and the SCB corrected Intrinsic Viscosity (IV_(c))as fully described in the following paragraphs.

The correction to the Zero Shear Viscosity, ZSV_(c), having dimensionsof poise, was performed as shown in equation Eq.(2):

$\begin{matrix}{{ZSV}_{c} = \frac{1.8389 \times \eta_{0}}{2.4110^{{Ln}{({Pd})}}}} & {{Eq}.(2)}\end{matrix}$

where η₀, the zero shear viscosity (poise), was measured by DMA asdescribed in the ‘Testing Methods’ section of this disclosure; Pd wasthe dimensionless polydispersity (M_(w)/M_(n)) as measured usingconventional SEC (see ‘Testing Methods’) and 1.8389 and 2.4110 aredimensionless constants.

The correction to the Intrinsic Viscosity, IV_(c), having dimensions ofdL/g, was performed as shown in equation Eq.(3):

$\begin{matrix}{{IV}_{c} = {\lbrack\eta\rbrack + \frac{A \times {SCB} \times M_{v}^{0.725}}{1000000}}} & {{Eq}.(3)}\end{matrix}$

where the intrinsic viscosity [η] (dL/g) was measured using 3D-SEC (see‘Testing Methods’); SCB having dimensions of (CH₃#/1000 C) wasdetermined using FTIR (see ‘Testing Methods’); M_(v), the viscosityaverage molar mass (g/mole), was determined using 3D-SEC (see ‘TestingMethods’), and; A was a dimensionless constant that depends on theα-olefin in the ethylene/α-olefin interpolymer sample, i.e. A was2.1626, 1.9772 or 1.1398 for 1-octene, 1-hexene and 1-butene α-olefins,respectively. In the case of an ethylene homopolymer no correction isrequired for the Mark-Houwink constant, i.e. SCB is zero.

As shown in FIG. 1, linear ethylene/α-olefin interpolymers (which do notcontain LCB or contain undetectable levels of LCB) fall on the ReferenceLine defined by Eq.(4).

Log(IV_(c))=0.2100×Log(ZSV_(c))−0.7879  Eq.(4)

Table 1A shows the Reference Resins had M_(w)/M_(n) values that rangedfrom 1.68 to 9.23 and contained 1-octene, 1-hexene or 1-buteneα-olefins. Further, Reference Resins included ethylene polymers producedin solution, gas phase or slurry processes with Ziegler-Natta,homogeneous and mixed (Ziegler-Natta+homogeneous) catalyst formulations.

The ethylene interpolymer products, disclosed herein, contain long chainbranching as evidenced by Table 2 and FIG. 1. More specifically, Table 2discloses that the LCBF of Examples 1 through 4 were 0.0034, 0.0099,0.021 and 0.029, respectively. Examples 1 through 4 (open circles)deviate significantly from the Reference Line shown in FIG. 1. Examples1 through 4 were produced using a bridged metallocene catalystformulation in the first reactor and an in-line Ziegler-Natta catalystformulation in the second reactor. In contrast, as shown in Table 2,Comparatives 1, 2 had much lower LCBF of 0.00070 and 0.00068,respectively, and these samples were well described by the linearReference Line shown in FIG. 1 (the X-bar symbols), i.e. Comparatives 1and 2 have no or undetectable LCB.

Comparatives 1 and 2 were produced in a solution process pilot plantusing an unbridged single site catalyst formulation in the first reactorand an in-line Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation in the second reactorwhere the two reactors were operated in series mode. Comparatives 10 and11 (Table 2) were produced on a commercial-scale solution processemploying an unbridged single site catalyst formulation in the firstreactor and an in-line Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation in the secondreactor (series mode). Relative to Examples 1-4, Comparatives 10 and 11had much lower LCBF of 0.00023 and 0.0000658, respectively, and thesesamples were well described by the linear Reference Line shown in FIG. 1(the X symbols).

As shown in FIG. 1, the calculation of the LCBF was based on theHorizontal-Shift (S_(h)) and Vertical-Shift (S_(v)) from the linearreference line, as defined by the following equations:

S _(h)=Log(ZSV_(c))−4.7619×Log(IV_(c))−3.7519  Eq.(5)

S _(v)=0.2100×Log(ZSV_(c))−Log(IV_(c))−0.7879  Eq.(6).

In Eq. (5) and (6), it is required that ZSV_(c) and IV_(c) havedimensions of poise and dL/g, respectively. The Horizontal-Shift (S_(h))was a shift in ZSV_(c) at constant Intrinsic Viscosity (IV_(c)), if oneremoves the Log function its physical meaning is apparent, i.e. a ratioof two Zero Shear Viscosities, the ZSV_(c) of the sample under testrelative to the ZSV_(c) of a linear ethylene polymer having the sameIV_(c). The Horizontal-Shift (S_(h)) was dimensionless. TheVertical-Shift (S_(v)) was a shift in IV_(c) at constant Zero ShearViscosity (ZSV_(c)), if one removes the Log function its physicalmeaning is apparent, i.e. a ratio of two Intrinsic Viscosities, theIV_(c) of a linear ethylene polymer having the same ZSV_(c) relative tothe IV_(c) of the sample under test. The Vertical-Shift (S_(v)) wasdimensionless.

The dimensionless Long Chain Branching Factor (LCBF) was defined byEq.(7):

$\begin{matrix}{{LCBF} = \frac{S_{h} \times S_{v}}{2}} & {{Eq}.(7)}\end{matrix}$

Given the data in Table 2, the LCBF of Examples and Comparatives werecalculated. To be more clear, as shown in Table 2, the S_(h) and S_(v)of Example 3 were 0.442 and 0.0929, respectively, thus the LCBF was0.0205 ((0.442×0.0929)/2). In contrast, the S_(h) and S_(v) ofComparative 2 were 0.0804 and 0.0169, respectively, thus the LCBF was0.000678 ((0.0804×0.0169)/2).

In this disclosure, resins having no LCB (or undetectable LCB) werecharacterized by a LCBF of less than 0.001 (dimensionless), as evidencedby Table 1B where the reference resins had LCBF values ranging from0.000426 to 1.47×10⁻⁹.

In this disclosure, resins having LCB were characterized by a LCBF of0.001 (dimensionless), as evidenced by Examples 1 and 4 shown in Table 2that had LCBF of 0.00339 and 0.0291, respectively.

Table 3 summarizes the LCBF of Comparatives A-C and Comparatives D-G.Comparatives A-C (open diamond in FIG. 1) were believed to be producedin a solution process employing one reactor and a constrained geometrysingle site catalyst formulation, i.e. AFFINITY™ PL 1880 (threedifferent samples (lots)). AFFINITY™ products are ethylene/1-octeneinterpolymers available from The Dow Chemical Company (Midland, Mich.,USA). It has been well documented in the art that the constrainedgeometry catalyst produces long chain branched ethylene/1-octenecopolymers, as evidenced by the LCBF values disclosed in Table 3, i.e.from 0.0396 to 0.0423. Comparatives D-G (open squares in FIG. 1) werebelieved to be solution process series dual reactor and dual catalystethylene interpolymers, where a constrained geometry single sitecatalyst formulation was employed in a first reactor and a batchZiegler-Natta catalyst formulation was employed in a second reactor,i.e. Elite® 5401G and Elite® 5100G (two different samples (lots)) andElite® 5400G, respectively. Elite® products are ethylene/1-octeneinterpolymers available from The Dow Chemical Company (Midland, Mich.,USA). As shown in Table 3, Comparatives D-G had LCBF values from 0.00803to 0.0130. ¹³C NMR Determination of Long Chain Branching in the FirstEthylene Interpolymer

Examples of ethylene interpolymer product, disclosed herein, contain afirst ethylene interpolymer that was produced with a first homogeneouscatalyst formulation. One embodiment of the first homogenous catalystformulation was a bridged metallocene catalyst formulation, thiscatalyst formulation produced a long chain branched (LCB) first ethyleneinterpolymer. Pure samples of the first ethylene interpolymer wereproduced using the Continuous Polymerization Unit (CPU). The CPU wasfully described in the ‘Continuous Polymerization Unit (CPU)’ section ofthis disclosure. The CPU employs one reactor and one catalystformulation was used. The CPU and the bridged metallocene catalystformulation containing Component A [(2,7-tBu₂Flu)Ph₂C(Cp)HfMe₂] wereused to produce examples of the first ethylene interpolymer and theamount of long chain branching in this interpolymer was measured by ¹³CNMR. Table 11 illustrates typical CPU operating continues for thebridged metallocene catalyst formulating to produce a first ethyleneinterpolymer at three reactor temperatures (130° C., 160° C. and 190°C.) and two levels of ethylene conversion, i.e. low ethylene conversion(about 75%) and high ethylene conversion (about 94%). No hydrogen wasused.

Table 12 discloses the amount of LCB in Examples C10 to C15, i.e. puresamples of the first ethylene interpolymer, produced with the bridgedmetallocene catalyst formulation, as determined by ¹³C-NMR (nuclearmagnetic resonance). Examples C10 to C15 were ethylene homopolymersproduced on the CPU at three reactor temperatures (190° C., 160° C. and130° C.), three levels of ethylene conversions, i.e. about 95 wt %,about 85 wt % and about 75 wt % and no hydrogen was used. As shown inTable 12, the amount of long chain branching in the first ethyleneinterpolymer varied from 0.03 LCB/1000 C to 0.23 LCB/1000 C.

Component C

The present disclosure includes “a third homogeneous catalystformulation”. One embodiment of the third homogeneous catalystformulation include “an unbridged single site catalyst formulation”containing a bulky ligand-metal complex, hereinafter “component C”,represented by Formula (II).

(L^(A))_(a)M(Pl)_(b)(Q)_(n)  (II)

In Formula (II): (L^(A)) represents a bulky ligand; M represents a metalatom; Pl represents a phosphinimine ligand; Q represents a leavinggroup; a is 0 or 1; b is 1 or 2; (a+b)=2; n is 1 or 2, and; the sum of(a+b+n) equals the valance of the metal M. Non-limiting examples of M inFormula (II) include Group 4 metals, titanium, zirconium and hafnium.

Non-limiting examples of the bulky ligand L^(A) in Formula (II) includeunsubstituted or substituted cyclopentadienyl ligands orcyclopentadienyl-type ligands, heteroatom substituted and/or heteroatomcontaining cyclopentadienyl-type ligands. Additional non-limitingexamples include, cyclopentaphenanthreneyl ligands, unsubstituted orsubstituted indenyl ligands, benzindenyl ligands, unsubstituted orsubstituted fluorenyl ligands, octahydrofluorenyl ligands,cyclooctatetraendiyl ligands, cyclopentacyclododecene ligands, azenylligands, azulene ligands, pentalene ligands, phosphoyl ligands,phosphinimine, pyrrolyl ligands, pyrozolyl ligands, carbazolyl ligands,borabenzene ligands and the like, including hydrogenated versionsthereof, for example tetrahydroindenyl ligands. In other embodiments,L^(A) may be any other ligand structure capable of η-bonding to themetal M, such embodiments include both η³-bonding and η⁵-bonding to themetal M. In other embodiments, L^(A) may comprise one or moreheteroatoms, for example, nitrogen, silicon, boron, germanium, sulfurand phosphorous, in combination with carbon atoms to form an open,acyclic, or a fused ring, or ring system, for example, aheterocyclopentadienyl ancillary ligand. Other non-limiting embodimentsfor L^(A) include bulky amides, phosphides, alkoxides, aryloxides,imides, carbolides, borollides, porphyrins, phthalocyanines, corrins andother polyazomacrocycles.

The phosphinimine ligand, Pl, is defined by Formula (III):

(R^(p))₃P═N—  (III)

wherein the R^(p) groups are independently selected from: a hydrogenatom; a halogen atom; C₁₋₂₀ hydrocarbyl radicals which are unsubstitutedor substituted with one or more halogen atom(s); a C₁₋₈ alkoxy radical;a C₆₋₁₀ aryl radical; a C₆₋₁₀ aryloxy radical; an amido radical; a silylradical of formula —Si(R^(s))₃, wherein the R^(s) groups areindependently selected from, a hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₈ alkyl or alkoxyradical, a C₆₋₁₀ aryl radical, a C₆₋₁₀ aryloxy radical, or a germanylradical of formula —Ge(R^(G))₃, wherein the R^(G) groups are defined asR^(s) is defined in this paragraph.

The leaving group Q is any ligand that can be abstracted from Formula(II) forming a catalyst species capable of polymerizing one or moreolefin(s). In some embodiments, Q is a monoanionic labile ligand havinga sigma bond to M.

Depending on the oxidation state of the metal, the value for n is 1 or 2such that Formula (II) represents a neutral bulky ligand-metal complex.Non-limiting examples of Q ligands include a hydrogen atom, halogens,C₁₋₂₀ hydrocarbyl radicals, C₁₋₂₀ alkoxy radicals, C₅₋₁₀ aryl oxideradicals; these radicals may be linear, branched or cyclic or furthersubstituted by halogen atoms, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl radicals, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxyradicals, C₆₋₁₀ aryl or aryloxy radicals. Further non-limiting examplesof Q ligands include weak bases such as amines, phosphines, ethers,carboxylates, dienes, hydrocarbyl radicals having from 1 to 20 carbonatoms. In another embodiment, two Q ligands may form part of a fusedring or ring system.

Further embodiments of component C include structural, optical orenantiomeric isomers (meso and racemic isomers) and mixtures thereof ofthe bulky ligand-metal complex shown in Formula (II).

In this disclosure, unique chemical species of component C (Formula(II)) are denoted by the terms “component C1”, “component C2” and“component C3”, etc. While not to be construed as limiting, two speciesof component C were employed as examples in this disclosure.Specifically: “component C1” refers to cyclopentadienyl tri(tertiarybutyl) phosphinimine titanium dichloride having the molecular formula[Cp[(t-Bu)₃PN]TiCl₂], and; “component C2” refers to cyclopentadienyltri(isopropyl)phosphinimine titanium dichloride having the molecularformula [Cp[(isopropyl)₃PN]TiCl₂]. In this disclosure, component C1 andcomponent C2 were used as the source of bulky ligand-metal complex toprepare two examples of the unbridged single site catalyst formulation.

Long Chain Branching in Ethylene Interpolymers Produced with Component C

As shown in FIG. 1 and Table 2, Comparative ethylene interpolymerproducts (Comparative 1, 2, 10 and 11) produced with a homogeneouscatalyst formulation containing Component C had undetectable levels ofLCB, as evidenced by the dimensionless Long Chain Branching Factor(LCBF) of less than 0.001, e.g. LCBF ranged from 0.0000658 to 0.000700.

Homogeneous Catalyst Formulations

In this disclosure non-limiting “Examples” of ethylene interpolymerproduct were prepared by employing a bridged metallocene catalystformulation in a first reactor.

The bridged metallocene catalyst formulation contains a component A(defined above), a component M^(A), a component B^(A) and a componentP^(A). Components M, B and P are defined below and the superscript“^(A)” denotes that fact that the respective component was part of thecatalyst formulation containing component A, i.e. the bridgedmetallocene catalyst formulation.

In this disclosure “Comparative” ethylene interpolymers were prepared byemploying an unbridged single site catalyst formulation in the firstreactor. In other words, in Comparative samples, the unbridged singlesite catalyst formulation replaced the bridged metallocene catalystformulation in the first reactor. The unbridged single site catalystformulation contains a component C (defined above), a component M^(C) acomponent B^(C) and a component P^(C). Components M, B and P are definedbelow and the superscript “^(C)” denoted that fact that the respectivecomponent was part of the catalyst formulation containing component C,i.e. the unbridged single site catalyst formulation.

The catalyst components M, B and P were independently selected for eachcatalyst formulation. To be more clear: components M^(A) and M^(C) may,or may not be, the same chemical compound; components B^(A) and B^(C)may, or may not be, the same chemical compound, and; components P^(A)and P^(C) may, or may not be, the same chemical compound. Further,catalyst activity was optimized by independently adjusting the moleratios of the components in each catalyst formulation.

Components M, B and P were not particularly limited, i.e. a wide varietyof components can be used as described below.

Component M functioned as a co-catalyst that activated component A orcomponent C, into a cationic complex that effectively polymerizedethylene, or mixtures of ethylene and α-olefins, producing highmolecular weight ethylene interpolymers. In the bridged metallocenecatalyst formulation and the unbridged single site catalyst formulationthe respective component M was independently selected from a variety ofcompounds and those skilled in the art will understand that theembodiments in this disclosure are not limited to the specific chemicalcompound disclosed. Suitable compounds for component M included analumoxane co-catalyst (an equivalent term for alumoxane is aluminoxane).Although the exact structure of an alumoxane co-catalyst was uncertain,subject matter experts generally agree that it was an oligomeric speciesthat contain repeating units of the general Formula (IV):

(R)₂AlO—(Al(R)—O)_(n)—Al(R)₂  (IV)

where the R groups may be the same or different linear, branched orcyclic hydrocarbyl radicals containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms and n isfrom 0 to about 50. A non-limiting example of an alumoxane was methylaluminoxane (or MMAO-7) wherein each R group in Formula (IV) is a methylradical.

Component B was an ionic activator. In general, ionic activators arecomprised of a cation and a bulky anion; wherein the latter issubstantially non-coordinating.

In the bridged metallocene catalyst formulation and the unbridged singlesite catalyst formulation the respective component B was independentlyselected from a variety of compounds and those skilled in the art willunderstand that the embodiments in this disclosure are not limited tothe specific chemical compound disclosed. Non-limiting examples ofcomponent B were boron ionic activators that are four coordinate withfour ligands bonded to the boron atom. Non-limiting examples of boronionic activators included the following Formulas (V) and (VI) shownbelow;

[R⁵]*[B(R⁷)₄]⁻  (V)

where B represented a boron atom, R⁵ was an aromatic hydrocarbyl (e.g.triphenyl methyl cation) and each R⁷ was independently selected fromphenyl radicals which were unsubstituted or substituted with from 3 to 5substituents selected from fluorine atoms, C₁₋₄ alkyl or alkoxy radicalswhich were unsubstituted or substituted by fluorine atoms; and a silylradical of formula —Si(R⁹)₃, where each R⁹ was independently selectedfrom hydrogen atoms and C₁₋₄ alkyl radicals, and; compounds of formula(VI);

[(R⁸)_(t)ZH]*[B(R⁷)₄]⁻  (VI)

where B was a boron atom, H was a hydrogen atom, Z was a nitrogen orphosphorus atom, t was 2 or 3 and R⁸ was selected from C₁₋₈ alkylradicals, phenyl radicals which were unsubstituted or substituted by upto three C₁₋₄ alkyl radicals, or one R⁸ taken together with the nitrogenatom may form an anilinium radical and R⁷ was as defined above inFormula (VI).

In both Formula (V) and (VI), a non-limiting example of R⁷ was apentafluorophenyl radical. In general, boron ionic activators may bedescribed as salts of tetra(perfluorophenyl) boron; non-limitingexamples include anilinium, carbonium, oxonium, phosphonium andsulfonium salts of tetra(perfluorophenyl)boron with anilinium and trityl(or triphenylmethylium). Additional non-limiting examples of ionicactivators included: triethylammonium tetra(phenyl)boron,tripropylammonium tetra(phenyl)boron, tri(n-butyl)ammoniumtetra(phenyl)boron, trimethylammonium tetra(p-tolyl)boron,trimethylammonium tetra(o-tolyl)boron, tributylammoniumtetra(pentafluorophenyl)boron, tripropylammoniumtetra(o,p-dimethylphenyl)boron, tributylammoniumtetra(m,m-dimethylphenyl)boron, tributylammoniumtetra(p-trifluoromethylphenyl)boron, tributylammoniumtetra(pentafluorophenyl)boron, tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetra(o-tolyl)boron,N,N-dimethylanilinium tetra(phenyl)boron, N,N-diethylaniliniumtetra(phenyl)boron, N,N-diethylanilinium tetra(phenyl)n-butylboron,N,N-2,4,6-pentamethylanilinium tetra(phenyl)boron,di-(isopropyl)ammonium tetra(pentafluorophenyl)boron,dicyclohexylammonium tetra(phenyl)boron, triphenylphosphoniumtetra(phenyl)boron, tri(methylphenyl)phosphonium tetra(phenyl)boron,tri(dimethylphenyl)phosphonium tetra(phenyl)boron, tropilliumtetrakispentafluorophenyl borate, triphenylmethyliumtetrakispentafluorophenyl borate,benzene(diazonium)tetrakispentafluorophenyl borate, tropilliumtetrakis(2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate, triphenylmethyliumtetrakis(2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate, benzene(diazonium)tetrakis(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)borate, tropilliumtetrakis(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)borate, benzene(diazonium)tetrakis(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)borate, tropilliumtetrakis(1,2,2-trifluoroethenyl)borate, triphenylmethyliumtetrakis(1,2,2-trifluoroethenyl)borate, benzene(diazonium)tetrakis(1,2,2-trifluoroethenyl)borate, tropilliumtetrakis(2,3,4,5-tetrafluorophenyl)borate, triphenylmethyliumtetrakis(2,3,4,5-tetrafluorophenyl)borate, and benzene(diazonium)tetrakis(2,3,4,5 tetrafluorophenyl)borate. Readily available commercialionic activators included N,N-dimethylaniliniumtetrakispentafluorophenyl borate, and triphenylmethyliumtetrakispentafluorophenyl borate.

Component P is a hindered phenol and is an optional component in therespective catalyst formulation. In the bridged metallocene catalystformulation and the unbridged single site catalyst formulation therespective component P was independently selected from a variety ofcompounds and those skilled in the art will understand that theembodiments in this disclosure are not limited to the specific chemicalcompound disclosed. Non-limiting example of hindered phenols includedbutylated phenolic antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene,2,4-di-tertiarybutyl-6-ethyl phenol, 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-di-tertiary-butylphenol), 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) benzene andoctadecyl-3-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl) propionate.

As fully described below, a highly active first homogeneous catalystformulation, or in one specific embodiment a highly active bridgedmetallocene catalyst formulation was produced by optimizing the quantityand mole ratios of the four components in the formulation; for example,component A1, component M^(A1), component B^(A1) and component P^(A1).Where highly active means a very large amount of ethylene interpolymeris produced from a very small amount of catalyst formulation. Similarly,a highly active third homogeneous catalyst formulation or an unbridgedsingle site catalyst formulation (comparative catalyst formulations)were produced by optimizing the quantity and mole ratios of the fourcomponents in the formulation; e.g., one embodiment comprises acomponent C1, a component M^(C1), a component B^(C1) and a componentP^(C1).

Heterogeneous Catalyst Formulations

A number of heterogeneous catalyst formulations are well known to thoseskilled in the art, including, as non-limiting examples, Ziegler-Nattaand chromium catalyst formulations. In this disclosure, a firstheterogeneous catalyst formulation was used to manufacture the Examples,as well as Comparatives, where the first heterogeneous catalystformulation was injected in a second reactor producing the secondethylene interpolymer. In this disclosure, an optional secondheterogeneous catalyst formulation may be used, where the secondheterogeneous catalyst formulation may be injected in a third reactorproducing an optional third ethylene interpolymer. In this disclosure,the catalytic metal in the first heterogeneous catalyst formulation wasidentified by the term “metal Z1”; the catalytic metal in the secondheterogeneous catalyst formulation was identified by the term “metalZ2”.

In this disclosure, embodiments are described where “a first in-lineZiegler-Natta catalyst formulation” and “a first batch Ziegler-Nattacatalyst formation” are used. The term “in-line” refers to thecontinuous synthesis of a small quantity of active Ziegler-Nattacatalyst and immediately injecting this catalyst into at least onecontinuously operating reactor, wherein the catalyst polymerizesethylene and one or more optional α-olefins to form an ethyleneinterpolymer. The term “batch” refer to the synthesis of a much largerquantity of catalyst or procatalyst in one or more mixing vessels thatare external to, or isolated from, the continuously operating solutionpolymerization process. Once prepared, the batch Ziegler-Natta catalystformulation, or batch Ziegler-Natta procatalyst, is transferred to acatalyst storage tank. The term “procatalyst” refers to an inactivecatalyst formulation (inactive with respect to ethylene polymerization);the procatalyst is converted into an active catalyst by adding an alkylaluminum co-catalyst. As needed, the procatalyst is pumped from thestorage tank to at least one continuously operating reactor, wherein anactive catalyst polymerizes ethylene and one or more optional α-olefinsto form an ethylene interpolymer. The procatalyst may be converted intoan active catalyst in the reactor or external to the reactor.

A wide variety of chemical compounds can be used to synthesize an activeZiegler-Natta catalyst formulation. The following describes variouschemical compounds that may be combined to produce an activeZiegler-Natta catalyst formulation. Those skilled in the art willunderstand that the embodiments in this disclosure are not limited tothe specific chemical compound disclosed.

An active Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation may be formed from: amagnesium compound, a chloride compound, a metal compound, an alkylaluminum co-catalyst and an aluminum alkyl. In this disclosure, forexample in Table 4A, the term “component (v)” is equivalent to themagnesium compound, the term “component (vi)” is equivalent to thechloride compound, the term “component (vii)” is equivalent to the metalcompound, the term “component (viii)” is equivalent to the alkylaluminum co-catalyst and the term “component (ix)” is equivalent to thealuminum alkyl. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art,Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulations may contain additional components; anon-limiting example of an additional component is an electron donor,e.g. amines or ethers.

A non-limiting example of an active in-line Ziegler-Natta catalystformulation can be prepared as follows. In the first step, a solution ofa magnesium compound (component (v)) is reacted with a solution of thechloride compound (component (vi)) to form a magnesium chloride supportsuspended in solution. Non-limiting examples of magnesium compoundsinclude Mg(R¹)₂; wherein the R¹ groups may be the same or different,linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl radicals containing 1 to 10carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of chloride compounds include R²Cl;wherein R² represents a hydrogen atom, or a linear, branched or cyclichydrocarbyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms. In the first step,the solution of magnesium compound may also contain an aluminum alkyl(component (ix)). Non-limiting examples of aluminum alkyl includeAl(R³)₃, wherein the R³ groups may be the same or different, linear,branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl radicals containing from 1 to 10 carbonatoms. In the second step a solution of the metal compound (component(vii)) is added to the solution of magnesium chloride and the metalcompound is supported on the magnesium chloride. Non-limiting examplesof suitable metal compounds include M(X)_(n) or MO(X)_(n); where Mrepresents a metal selected from Group 4 through Group 8 of the PeriodicTable, or mixtures of metals selected from Group 4 through Group 8; Orepresents oxygen, and; X represents chloride or bromide; n is aninteger from 3 to 6 that satisfies the oxidation state of the metal.Additional non-limiting examples of suitable metal compounds includeGroup 4 to Group 8 metal alkyls, metal alkoxides (which may be preparedby reacting a metal alkyl with an alcohol) and mixed-ligand metalcompounds that contain a mixture of halide, alkyl and alkoxide ligands.In the third step a solution of an alkyl aluminum co-catalyst (component(viii)) is added to the metal compound supported on the magnesiumchloride. A wide variety of alkyl aluminum co-catalysts are suitable, asexpressed by Formula (VII):

Al(R⁴)_(p)(OR⁵)_(q)(X)_(r)  (VII)

wherein the R⁴ groups may be the same or different, hydrocarbyl groupshaving from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; the OR⁵ groups may be the same ordifferent, alkoxy or aryloxy groups wherein R⁵ is a hydrocarbyl grouphaving from 1 to 10 carbon atoms bonded to oxygen; X is chloride orbromide, and; (p+q+r)=3, with the proviso that p is greater than 0.Non-limiting examples of commonly used alkyl aluminum co-catalystsinclude trimethyl aluminum, triethyl aluminum, tributyl aluminum,dimethyl aluminum methoxide, diethyl aluminum ethoxide, dibutyl aluminumbutoxide, dimethyl aluminum chloride or bromide, diethyl aluminumchloride or bromide, dibutyl aluminum chloride or bromide and ethylaluminum dichloride or dibromide. The process described in the paragraphabove, to synthesize an active in-line Ziegler-Natta catalystformulation, can be carried out in a variety of solvents; non-limitingexamples of solvents include linear or branched C₅ to C₁₂ alkanes ormixtures thereof.

To produce an active in-line Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation thequantity and mole ratios of the five components, (v) through (ix), areoptimized as described below. Additional embodiments of heterogeneouscatalyst formulations include formulations where the “metal compound” isa chromium compound; non-limiting examples include silyl chromate,chromium oxide and chromocene. In some embodiments, the chromiumcompound is supported on a metal oxide such as silica or alumina.

Heterogeneous catalyst formulations containing chromium may also includeco-catalysts; non-limiting examples of co-catalysts includetrialkylaluminum, alkylaluminoxane and dialkoxyalkylaluminum compoundsand the like.

Solution Polymerization Process: In-Line Heterogeneous CatalystFormulation

The disclosed continuous solution polymerization process is improved byhaving one or more of: 1) at least a 70% reduced [α-olefin/ethylene]weight ratio as defined by the following formula,

${\% \mspace{14mu} {{Reduced}\mspace{14mu}\lbrack \frac{\alpha - {olefin}}{ethylene} \rbrack}} = {{100 \times \{ \frac{( \frac{\alpha - {olefin}}{ethylene} )^{A} - ( \frac{\alpha - {olefin}}{ethylene} )^{C}}{( \frac{\alpha - {olefin}}{ethylene} )^{C}} \}} \leq {{- 70}\%}}$

wherein (α-olefin/ethylene)^(A) is calculated by dividing the weight ofthe α-olefin added to the first reactor by the weight of ethylene addedto the first reactor, wherein a first ethylene interpolymer is producedhaving “a target density” using a first homogeneous catalystformulation, and; (α-olefin/ethylene)^(C) is calculated by dividing theweight of the α-olefin added to the first reactor by the weight of theethylene added to the first reactor, wherein a control ethyleneinterpolymer having the target density is produced by replacing thefirst homogeneous catalyst formulation with a third homogeneous catalystformulation, and/or; 2) the first ethylene interpolymer at least a 5%improved weight average molecular weight as defined by the followingformula

% Improved M _(w)=100%×(M _(w) ^(A) −M _(w) ^(C))/M _(w) ^(C)≥5%

wherein M_(w) ^(A) is a weight average molecular weight of the firstethylene interpolymer and M_(w) ^(C) is a weight average molecularweight of a comparative ethylene interpolymer; wherein said comparativeethylene interpolymer is produced in the first reactor by replacing thefirst homogeneous catalyst formulation with the third homogeneouscatalyst formulation.

Embodiments of the improved continuous solution polymerization processare shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is not to be construed as limiting, it beingunderstood, that embodiments are not limited to the precise arrangementof, or the number of, vessels shown.

In an embodiment of the continuous solution polymerization process,process solvent, monomer(s) and a catalyst formulation are continuouslyfed to a reactor wherein the desired ethylene interpolymer is formed insolution. In FIG. 2, process solvent 1, ethylene 2 and optional α-olefin3 are combined to produce reactor feed stream RF1 which flows intoreactor 11 a. In FIG. 2 optional streams, or optional embodiments, aredenoted with dotted lines. It is not particularly important thatcombined reactor feed stream RF1 be formed; i.e. reactor feed streamscan be combined in all possible combinations, including an embodimentwhere streams 1 through 3 are independently injected into reactor 11 a.Optionally hydrogen may be injected into reactor 11 a through stream 4;hydrogen may be added to control (reduce) the molecular weight of thefirst ethylene interpolymer produced in reactor 11 a. Reactor 11 a iscontinuously stirred by stirring assembly 11 b which includes a motorexternal to the reactor and an agitator within the reactor. In the art,such a reactor is frequently called a CSTR (Continuously Stirred TankReactor).

A first homogeneous catalyst formulation is injected into reactor 11 athrough stream 5 e. An embodiment of the first homogeneous catalystformulation is a bridged metallocene catalyst formulation. The bridgedmetallocene catalyst formulation (described above) was employed inreactor 11 a to produce all of the Examples in this disclosure. Incontrast, a third homogeneous catalyst formulation was employed inreactor 11 a to produce all of the Comparatives in this disclosure. Asdescribed above, one embodiment of the third homogeneous catalystformulation was an unbridged single site catalyst formulation.

Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, the bridged metallocene catalyst formulationwas prepared by combining: stream 5 a, containing component P dissolvedin a catalyst component solvent; stream 5 b, containing component Mdissolved in a catalyst component solvent; stream 5 c, containingcomponent A dissolved in a catalyst component solvent, and; stream 5 d,containing component B dissolved in a catalyst component solvent. Thebridged metallocene catalyst formulation was then injected into reactor11 a via process stream 5 e. Any combination of the streams employed toprepare and deliver the bridged metallocene catalyst formulation may beheated or cooled, i.e. streams 5 a through 5 e. The “R1 catalyst inlettemperature”, defined as the temperature of the solution containing thebridged metallocene catalyst formulation (stream 5 e) prior to injectioninto reactor 11 a, was controlled. In some cases the upper temperaturelimit on the R1 catalyst inlet temperature may be about 180° C., inother cases about 160° C. and in still other cases about 150° C., and;in some cases the lower temperature limit on the R1 catalyst inlettemperature may be about 80° C., in other cases 100° C. and in stillother cases about 120° C. In still other cases the upper temperaturelimit on the R1 catalyst inlet temperature may be about 70° C., in othercases about 60° C. and in still other cases about 50° C., and; in somecases the lower temperature limit on the R1 catalyst inlet temperaturemay be about 0° C., in other cases 10° C. and in still other cases about20° C.

Each catalyst component was dissolved in a catalyst component solvent.The catalyst component solvent used for each catalyst component may bethe same or different. Catalyst component solvents are selected suchthat the combination of catalyst components does not produce aprecipitate in any process stream; for example, precipitation of acatalyst components in stream 5 e. The optimization of the catalystformulations is described below.

Reactor 11 a produces a first exit stream, stream 11 c, containing thefirst ethylene interpolymer dissolved in process solvent, as well asunreacted ethylene, unreacted α-olefins (if present), unreacted hydrogen(if present), active first homogeneous catalyst, deactivated catalyst,residual catalyst components and other impurities (if present). Meltindex ranges and density ranges of the first ethylene interpolymerproduced are described below.

The continuous solution polymerization process shown in FIGS. 2 and 3includes two embodiments where reactors 11 a and 12 a can be operated inseries or parallel modes. In series mode 100% of stream 11 c (the firstexit stream) passes through flow controller 11 d forming stream 11 ewhich enters reactor 12 a. In contrast, in parallel mode 100% of stream11 c passes through flow controller 11 f forming stream 11 g. Stream 11g by-passes reactor 12 a and is combined with stream 12 c (the secondexit stream) forming stream 12 d (the third exit stream).

Fresh reactor feed streams are injected into reactor 12 a; processsolvent 6, ethylene 7 and optional α-olefin 8 are combined to producereactor feed stream RF2. It is not important that stream RF2 is formed;i.e. reactor feed streams can be combined in all possible combinations,including independently injecting each stream into the reactor.Optionally hydrogen may be injected into reactor 12 a through stream 9to control (reduce) the molecular weight of the second ethyleneinterpolymer. Reactor 12 a is continuously stirred by stirring assembly12 b which includes a motor external to the reactor and an agitatorwithin the reactor.

A first heterogeneous catalyst formulation was injected in reactor 12 athrough stream 10 f, one embodiment of the first heterogeneous catalystformulation is a first in-line Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation, and asecond ethylene interpolymer was formed in reactor 12 a. The componentsthat comprise the first in-line Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation isintroduced through streams 10 a, 10 b, 10 c and 10 d. A firstheterogeneous catalyst assembly, defined by the conduits and flowcontrollers associated with streams 10 a-10 h, is operated as describedbelow. The first heterogeneous catalyst assembly produces a highlyactive first in-line Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation by optimizingthe following molar ratios: (aluminum alkyl)/(magnesium compound) or(ix)/(v); (chloride compound)/(magnesium compound) or (vi)/(v); (alkylaluminum co-catalyst)/(metal compound) or (viii)/(vii), and; (aluminumalkyl)/(metal compound) or (ix)/(vii); as well as the time thesecompounds have to react and equilibrate.

Stream 10 a (stream S1 in claims) contains a binary blend of a magnesiumcompound, component (v) and an aluminum alkyl, component (ix), inprocess solvent. The upper limit on the (aluminum alkyl)/(magnesiumcompound) molar ratio in stream 10 a may be about 70, in some casesabout 50 and is other cases about 30. The lower limit on the (aluminumalkyl)/(magnesium compound) molar ratio may be about 3.0, in some casesabout 5.0 and in other cases about 10. Stream 10 b (stream S2 in claims)contains a solution of a chloride compound, component (vi), in processsolvent. Stream 10 b is combined with stream 10 a and the intermixing ofstreams 10 a and 10 b produces a magnesium chloride catalyst support. Toproduce a highly active first in-line Ziegler-Natta catalyst (highlyactive in olefin polymerization), the (chloride compound)/(magnesiumcompound) molar ratio is optimized. The upper limit on the (chloridecompound)/(magnesium compound) molar ratio may be about 4, in some casesabout 3.5 and is other cases about 3.0. The lower limit on the (chloridecompound)/(magnesium compound) molar ratio may be about 1.0, in somecases about 1.5 and in other cases about 1.9. The time between theaddition of the chloride compound and the addition of the metal compound(component (vii)) via stream 10 c (stream S3 in claims) is controlled;hereinafter HUT-1 (the first Hold-Up-Time). HUT-1 is the time forstreams 10 a (stream S1 in claims) and 10 b (stream S2 in claims) toequilibrate and form a magnesium chloride support. The upper limit onHUT-1 may be about 70 seconds, in some cases about 60 seconds and isother cases about 50 seconds. The lower limit on HUT-1 may be about 5seconds, in some cases about 10 seconds and in other cases about 20seconds. HUT-1 is controlled by adjusting the length of the conduitbetween stream 10 b injection port and stream 10 c injection port, aswell as controlling the flow rates of streams 10 a and 10 b. The timebetween the addition of component (vii) and the addition of the alkylaluminum co-catalyst, component (viii), via stream 10 d (stream S4 inclaims) is controlled; hereinafter HUT-2 (the second Hold-Up-Time).HUT-2 is the time for the magnesium chloride support and stream 10 c toreact and equilibrate. The upper limit on HUT-2 may be about 50 seconds,in some cases about 35 seconds and is other cases about 25 seconds. Thelower limit on HUT-2 may be about 2 seconds, in some cases about 6seconds and in other cases about 10 seconds. HUT-2 is controlled byadjusting the length of the conduit between stream 10 c injection portand stream 10 d injection port, as well as controlling the flow rates ofstreams 10 a, 10 b and 10 c. The quantity of the alkyl aluminumco-catalyst added is optimized to produce an efficient catalyst; this isaccomplished by adjusting the (alkyl aluminum co-catalyst)/(metalcompound) molar ratio, or (viii)/(vii) molar ratio. The upper limit onthe (alkyl aluminum co-catalyst)/(metal compound) molar ratio may beabout 10, in some cases about 7.5 and is other cases about 6.0. Thelower limit on the (alkyl aluminum co-catalyst)/(metal compound) molarratio may be 0, in some cases about 1.0 and in other cases about 2.0. Inaddition, the time between the addition of the alkyl aluminumco-catalyst (stream S4 in claims) and the injection of the in-lineZiegler-Natta catalyst formulation into reactor 12 a is controlled;hereinafter HUT-3 (the third Hold-Up-Time). HUT-3 is the time for stream10 d to intermix and equilibrate to form the first in-line Ziegler Nattacatalyst formulation. The upper limit on HUT-3 may be about 15 seconds,in some cases about 10 seconds and is other cases about 8 seconds. Thelower limit on HUT-3 may be about 0.5 seconds, in some cases about 1seconds and in other cases about 2 seconds. HUT-3 is controlled byadjusting the length of the conduit between stream 10 d injection portand the catalyst injection port in reactor 12 a, and by controlling theflow rates of streams 10 a through 10 d. As shown in FIG. 2, optionally,100% of stream 10 d, the alkyl aluminum co-catalyst, may be injecteddirectly into reactor 12 a via stream 10 h. Optionally, a portion ofstream 10 d may be injected directly into reactor 12 a via stream 10 hand the remaining portion of stream 10 d injected into reactor 12 a viastream 10 f.

As previously indicated, an equivalent term for reactor 12 a is “R2”.The quantity of the first in-line heterogeneous catalyst formulationadded to R2 is expressed as the parts-per-million (ppm) of metalcompound (component (vii)) in the reactor solution, hereinafter “R2(vii) (ppm)”. The upper limit on R2 (vii) (ppm) may be about 10 ppm, insome cases about 8 ppm and in other cases about 6 ppm. The lower limiton R2 (vii) (ppm) in some cases may be about 0.5 ppm, in other casesabout 1 ppm and in still other cases about 2 ppm. The (aluminumalkyl)/(metal compound) molar ratio in reactor 12 a, or the (ix)/(vii)molar ratio, is also controlled. The upper limit on the (aluminumalkyl)/(metal compound) molar ratio in the reactor may be about 2, insome cases about 1.5 and is other cases about 1.0. The lower limit onthe (aluminum alkyl)/(metal compound) molar ratio may be about 0.05, insome cases about 0.075 and in other cases about 0.1.

Any combination of the streams employed to prepare and deliver the firstin-line heterogeneous catalyst formulation to R2 may be heated orcooled, i.e. streams 10 a through 10 h (including stream 10 g (optionalR3 delivery) which is discussed below); in some cases the uppertemperature limit of streams 10 a through 10 g may be about 90° C., inother cases about 80° C. and in still other cases about 70° C. and; insome cases the lower temperature limit may be about 20° C.; in othercases about 35° C. and in still other cases about 50° C.

Injection of the first heterogeneous catalyst formulation into reactor12 a produces a second ethylene interpolymer and a second exit stream 12c.

If reactors 11 a and 12 a are operated in a series mode, the second exitstream 12 c contains the second ethylene interpolymer and the firstethylene interpolymer dissolved in process solvent; as well as unreactedethylene, unreacted α-olefins (if present), unreacted hydrogen (ifpresent), active catalysts, deactivated catalysts, catalyst componentsand other impurities (if present). Optionally the second exit stream 12c is deactivated by adding a catalyst deactivator A from catalystdeactivator tank 18A forming a deactivated solution A, stream 12 e; inthis case, FIG. 2 defaults to a dual reactor solution process. If thesecond exit stream 12 c is not deactivated the second exit stream enterstubular reactor 17. Catalyst deactivator A is discussed below.

If reactors 11 a and 12 a are operated in parallel mode, the second exitstream 12 c contains the second ethylene interpolymer dissolved inprocess solvent. The second exit stream 12 c is combined with stream 11g forming a third exit stream 12 d, the latter contains the secondethylene interpolymer and the first ethylene interpolymer dissolved inprocess solvent; as well as unreacted ethylene, unreacted α-olefins (ifpresent), unreacted hydrogen (if present), active catalyst, deactivatedcatalyst, catalyst components and other impurities (if present).Optionally the third exit stream 12 d is deactivated by adding catalystdeactivator A from catalyst deactivator tank 18A forming deactivatedsolution A, stream 12 e; in this case, FIG. 2 defaults to a dual reactorsolution process. If the third exit stream 12 d is not deactivated thethird exit stream 12 d enters tubular reactor 17.

The term “tubular reactor” is meant to convey its conventional meaning,namely a simple tube; wherein the length/diameter (L/D) ratio is atleast 10/1. Optionally, one or more of the following reactor feedstreams may be injected into tubular reactor 17; process solvent 13,ethylene 14 and α-olefin 15. As shown in FIG. 2, streams 13, 14 and 15may be combined forming reactor feed stream RF3 and the latter isinjected into reactor 17. It is not particularly important that streamRF3 be formed; i.e. reactor feed streams can be combined in all possiblecombinations. Optionally hydrogen may be injected into reactor 17through stream 16. Optionally, the first in-line Ziegler-Natta catalystformulation may be injected into reactor 17 via catalyst stream 10 g;i.e. a portion of this catalyst formulation enters reactor 12 a throughstream 10 f and the remaining portion enters reactor 17 through stream10 g. FIG. 2 shows an additional embodiment where reactor 17 is suppliedwith a second heterogeneous catalyst formulation produced in a secondheterogeneous catalyst assembly. The second heterogeneous catalystassembly refers to the combination of conduits and flow controllers thatinclude streams 34 a-34 e and 34 h. The chemical composition of thefirst and second heterogeneous catalyst formulations may be the same, ordifferent. In the case of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst, the secondheterogeneous catalyst assembly produces a second in-line Ziegler-Nattacatalyst formulation. For example, the catalyst components ((v) through(ix)), mole ratios and hold-up-times may differ in the first and secondheterogeneous catalyst assemblies. Relative to the first heterogeneouscatalyst assembly, the second heterogeneous catalyst assembly isoperated in a similar manner, i.e. the second heterogeneous catalystassembly generates a high activity catalyst by optimizing hold-up-timesand the following molar ratios: (aluminum alkyl)/(magnesium compound),(chloride compound)/(magnesium compound), (alkyl aluminumco-catalyst/(metal compound, and (aluminum alkyl)/(metal compound). Tobe clear: stream 34 a contains a binary blend of magnesium compound(component (v)) and aluminum alkyl (component (ix)) in process solvent;stream 34 b contains a chloride compound (component (vi)) in processsolvent; stream 34 c contains a metal compound (component (vii)) inprocess solvent, and; stream 34 d contains an alkyl aluminum co-catalyst(component (viii)) in process solvent. Once prepared, the second in-lineZiegler-Natta catalyst is injected into reactor 17 through stream 34 e;optionally, additional alkyl aluminum co-catalyst is injected intoreactor 17 through stream 34 h. As shown in FIG. 2, optionally, 100% ofstream 34 d, the alkyl aluminum co-catalyst, may be injected directlyinto reactor 17 via stream 34 h. Optionally, a portion of stream 34 dmay be injected directly into reactor 17 via stream 34 h and theremaining portion of stream 34 d injected into reactor 17 via stream 34e. In FIG. 2, the first or the second heterogeneous catalyst assemblysupplies 100% of the catalyst to reactor 17. Any combination of thestreams that comprise the second heterogeneous catalyst assembly may beheated or cooled, i.e. streams 34 a-34 e and 34 h; in some cases theupper temperature limit of streams 34 a-34 e and 34 h may be about 90°C., in other cases about 80° C. and in still other cases about 70° C.and; in some cases the lower temperature limit may be about 20° C.; inother cases about 35° C. and in still other cases about 50° C. Althoughnot shown in FIG. 2 an additional embodiment includes the injection ofthe first homogeneous catalyst formulation into tubular reactor 17. Oneoption to accomplish this embodiment would be to split stream 5 e, i.e.a portion of stream 5 e is injected into reactor 11 a and the remainingportion is injected into reactor 17 (not shown in FIG. 2). Anotheroption (not shown in FIG. 2) would be to construct a second homogeneouscatalyst assembly, i.e. a replicate of conduits and flow controllers 5 athrough 5 e that injects an essentially equivalent first homogeneouscatalyst formulation (e.g. containing component A) directly into reactor17. An additional embodiment (not shown in FIG. 2) includes the use ofthe second homogeneous catalyst assembly to inject a fifth homogenouscatalyst formulation into tubular reactor 17. The fifth homogeneouscatalyst formulation may be the first homogeneous catalyst formulation,the third homogeneous catalyst formulation or a fourth homogeneouscatalyst formulation.

In reactor 17 a third ethylene interpolymer may, or may not, form. Athird ethylene interpolymer will not form if catalyst deactivator A isadded upstream of reactor 17 via catalyst deactivator tank 18A. A thirdethylene interpolymer will be formed if catalyst deactivator B is addeddownstream of reactor 17 via catalyst deactivator tank 18B.

The optional third ethylene interpolymer produced in reactor 17 may beformed using a variety of operational modes; with the proviso thatcatalyst deactivator A is not added upstream of reactor 17. Non-limitingexamples of operational modes include: (a) residual ethylene, residualoptional α-olefin and residual active catalyst entering reactor 17 reactto form the optional third ethylene interpolymer, or; (b) fresh processsolvent 13, fresh ethylene 14 and optionally fresh α-olefin 15 are addedto reactor 17 and the residual active catalyst entering reactor 17 formsthe optional third ethylene interpolymer, or; (c) the in-lineZiegler-Natta catalyst formulation is added to reactor 17 via stream 10g or the second in-line Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation is added toreactor 17 via stream 34 e to polymerize residual ethylene and residualoptional α-olefin to form the optional third ethylene interpolymer(optionally, 100% of the alkyl aluminum co-catalyst may be added toreactor 17 via stream 34 h, or a portion of the alkyl aluminumco-catalyst may be added to reactor 17 via stream 10 g or 34 h and theremaining portion added via stream 34 h), and/or; (d) fresh processsolvent 13, ethylene 14, optional α-olefin 15 and a fifth homogeneouscatalyst formulation (not shown in FIG. 2) are added to reactor 17 toform the optional third ethylene interpolymer. Optionally fresh hydrogen16 may be added to reduce the molecular weight of the optional thirdoptional ethylene interpolymer.

In series mode, Reactor 17 produces a third exit stream 17 b containingthe first ethylene interpolymer, the second ethylene interpolymer andoptionally a third ethylene interpolymer. As shown in FIG. 2, catalystdeactivator B may be added to the third exit stream 17 b via catalystdeactivator tank 18B producing a deactivated solution B, stream 19; withthe proviso that catalyst deactivator B is not added if catalystdeactivator A was added upstream of reactor 17. Deactivated solution Bmay also contain unreacted ethylene, unreacted optional α-olefin,unreacted optional hydrogen and impurities if present. As indicatedabove, if catalyst deactivator A was added, deactivated solution A(stream 12 e) exits tubular reactor 17 as shown in FIG. 2.

In parallel mode operation, reactor 17 produces a fourth exit stream 17b containing the first ethylene interpolymer, the second ethyleneinterpolymer and optionally a third ethylene interpolymer. As indicatedabove, in parallel mode, stream 12 d is the third exit stream. As shownin FIG. 2, in parallel mode, catalyst deactivator B is added to thefourth exit stream 17 b via catalyst deactivator tank 18B producing adeactivated solution B, stream 19; with the proviso that catalystdeactivator B is not added if catalyst deactivator A was added upstreamof reactor 17.

In FIG. 2, deactivated solution A (stream 12 e) or B (stream 19) passesthrough pressure let down device 20, heat exchanger 21 and a passivatoris added via tank 22 forming a passivated solution 23; the passivator isdescribed below. The passivated solution passes through pressure letdown device 24 and enters a first vapor/liquid separator 25.Hereinafter, “V/L” is equivalent to vapor/liquid. Two streams are formedin the first V/L separator: a first bottom stream 27 comprising asolution that is rich in ethylene interpolymers and also containsresidual ethylene, residual optional α-olefins and catalyst residues,and; a first gaseous overhead stream 26 comprising ethylene, processsolvent, optional α-olefins, optional hydrogen, oligomers and light-endimpurities if present. The first bottom stream enters a second V/Lseparator 28. In the second V/L separator two streams are formed: asecond bottom stream 30 comprising a solution that is richer in ethyleneinterpolymer and leaner in process solvent relative to the first bottomstream 27, and; a second gaseous overhead stream 29 comprising processsolvent, optional α-olefins, ethylene, oligomers and light-endimpurities if present.

The second bottom stream 30 flows into a third V/L separator 31. In thethird V/L separator two streams are formed: a product stream 33comprising an ethylene interpolymer product, deactivated catalystresidues and less than 5 weight % of residual process solvent, and; athird gaseous overhead stream 32 comprised essentially of processsolvent, optional α-olefins and light-end impurities if present. Productstream 33 proceeds to polymer recovery operations. Non-limiting examplesof polymer recovery operations include one or more gear pump, singlescrew extruder or twin screw extruder that forces the molten ethyleneinterpolymer product through a pelletizer. A devolatilizing extruder maybe used to remove small amounts of residual process solvent and optionalα-olefin, if present. Once pelletized the solidified ethyleneinterpolymer product is typically dried and transported to a productsilo.

The first, second and third gaseous overhead streams shown in FIG. 2(streams 26, 29 and 32, respectively) are sent to a distillation columnwhere solvent, ethylene and optional α-olefin are separated forrecycling, or; the first, second and third gaseous overhead streams arerecycled to the reactors, or; a portion of the first, second and thirdgaseous overhead streams are recycled to the reactors and the remainingportion is sent to a distillation column.

Solution Polymerization Process: Batch Heterogeneous CatalystFormulation

Additional embodiments of the improved continuous solutionpolymerization process are shown in FIG. 3. Again, FIG. 3 is not to beconstrued as limiting, it being understood, that embodiments are notlimited to the precise arrangement of, or the number of, vessels shown.

In FIG. 3, a first batch heterogeneous catalyst assembly (vessels andstreams 60 a through 60 h) and an optional second batch heterogeneouscatalyst assembly (vessels and streams 90 a through 90 f) are shown. Forthe sake of clarity and avoid any confusion, many of the vessels andstreams shown in FIG. 3 are equivalent to the respective vessel andstream shown in FIG. 2; equivalence is indicated through the use of aconsistent vessel or stream label, i.e. number. For the avoidance ofdoubt, referring to FIG. 3, process solvent is injected into CSTRreactor 11 a, CSTR reactor 12 a and tubular reactor 17 via streams 1, 6and 13. Ethylene is injected into reactors 11 a, 12 a and 17 via streams2, 7 and 14. Optional α-olefin is injected into reactors 11 a, 12 a and17 via streams 3, 8 and 15. Optional hydrogen is injected into reactors11 a, 12 a and 17 via streams 4, 9 and 16. A first homogeneous catalystformulation is injected into reactor 11 a, producing the first ethyleneinterpolymer. Homogeneous catalyst component streams (5 a through 5 e)were described above. A batch Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation or abatch Ziegler-Natta procatalyst is injected into reactor 12 a via stream60 e and the second ethylene interpolymer is formed. Reactors 11 a and12 a shown in FIG. 3 may be operated in series or parallel modes, asdescribed in FIG. 2 above.

Processes to prepare batch heterogeneous procatalysts and batchZiegler-Natta procatalysts are well known to those skilled in the art. Anon-limiting formulation useful in the disclosed polymerization processmay be prepared as follows. A batch Ziegler-Natta procatalyst may beprepared by sequentially added the following components to a stirredmixing vessel: (a) a solution of a magnesium compound (an equivalentterm for the magnesium compound is “component (v)”); (b) a solution of achloride compound (an equivalent term for the chloride compound is“component (vi)”; (c) optionally a solution of an aluminum alkyl halide,and; (d) a solution of a metal compound (an equivalent term for themetal compound is “component (vii)”).

Suitable, non-limiting examples of aluminum alkyl halides are defined bythe formula (R⁶)_(v)AlX_(3-v); wherein the R⁶ groups may be the same ordifferent hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, Xrepresents chloride or bromide, and; v is 1 or 2. Suitable, non-limitingexamples of the magnesium compound, the chloride compound and the metalcompound were described earlier in this disclosure.

Suitable solvents within which to prepare the procatalyst include linearor branched C₅ to C₁₂ alkanes or mixtures thereof. Individual mixingtimes and mixing temperatures may be used in each of steps (a) through(d). The upper limit on mixing temperatures for steps (a) through (d) insome case may be 160° C., in other cases 130° C. and in still othercases 100° C. The lower limit on mixing temperatures for steps (a)through (d) in some cases may be 10° C., in other cases 20° C. and instill other cases 30° C. The upper limit on mixing time for steps (a)through (d) in some case may be 6 hours, in other cases 3 hours and instill other cases 1 hour. The lower limit on mixing times for steps (a)through (d) in some cases may be 1 minute, in other cases 10 minutes andin still other cases 30 minutes. Batch Ziegler-Natta procatalyst canhave various catalyst component mole ratios.

The upper limit on the (chloride compound)/(magnesium compound) molarratio in some cases may be about 3, in other cases about 2.7 and isstill other cases about 2.5; the lower limit in some cases may be about2.0, in other cases about 2.1 and in still other cases about 2.2. Theupper limit on the (magnesium compound)/(metal compound) molar ratio insome cases may be about 10, in other cases about 9 and in still othercases about 8; the lower limit in some cases may be about 5, in othercases about 6 and in still other cases about 7. The upper limit on the(aluminum alkyl halide)/(magnesium compound) molar ratio in some casesmay be about 0.5, in other cases about 0.4 and in still other casesabout 0.3; the lower limit in some cases may be 0, in other cases about0.1 and in still other cases about 0.2. An active batch Ziegler-Nattacatalyst formulation is formed when the procatalyst is combined with analkyl aluminum co-catalyst. Suitable co-catalysts were described earlierin this disclosure. The procatalyst may be activated external to thereactor or in the reactor; in the latter case, the procatalyst and anappropriate amount of alkyl aluminum co-catalyst are independentlyinjected R2 and optionally R3.

Once prepared the batch Ziegler-Natta procatalyst is pumped toprocatalyst storage tank 60 a shown in FIG. 3. Tank 60 a may, or maynot, be agitated. Storage tank 60 c contains an alkyl aluminumco-catalyst; non-limiting examples of suitable alkyl aluminumco-catalysts were described earlier in this disclosure. A batch ZieglerNatta catalyst formulation stream 60 e, that is efficient in convertingolefins to polyolefins, is formed by combining batch Ziegler Nattaprocatalyst stream 60 b with alkyl aluminum co-catalyst stream 60 d.Stream 60 e is injected into reactor 12 a where the second ethyleneinterpolymer is formed. Operationally, the following options may beemployed: (a) 100% of the alkyl aluminum co-catalyst may be injectedinto reactor 12 a through stream 60 g, i.e. the batch Ziegler-Nattaprocatalyst is injected into reactor 12 a through stream 60 e, or; (b) aportion of the alkyl aluminum co-catalyst is injected into reactor 12 avia stream 60 g and the remaining portion passes through stream 60 dwhere it combines with stream 60 b forming the batch Ziegler-Nattacatalyst formulation which is injected into reactor 12 a via stream 60e.

Additional optional embodiments, where a batch heterogeneous catalystformulation is employed, are shown in FIG. 3 where: (a) a batchZiegler-Natta procatalyst is injected into tubular reactor 17 throughstream 60 f, or; (b) a batch Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation isinjected into tubular reactor 17 through stream 60 f. In the case ofoption (a), 100% of the alkyl aluminum co-catalyst is injected directlyinto reactor 17 via stream 60 h. An additional embodiment exists where aportion of the alkyl aluminum co-catalyst flows through stream 60 f andthe remaining portion flows through stream 60 h. Any combination oftanks or streams 60 a through 60 h may be heated or cooled.

FIG. 3 includes additional embodiments where a second batchheterogeneous catalyst assembly, which is defined by vessels and streams90 a through 90 f, may be used to optionally inject a second batchZiegler-Natta catalyst formulation or a second batch Ziegler-Nattaprocatalyst into reactor 17. Once prepared the second batchZiegler-Natta procatalyst is pumped to procatalyst storage tank 90 ashown in FIG. 3. Tank 90 a may, or may not, be agitated. Storage tank 90c contains an alkyl aluminum co-catalyst. A batch Ziegler Natta catalystformulation stream 90 e, that is efficient in converting olefins topolyolefins, is formed by combining the second batch Ziegler Nattaprocatalyst stream 90 b (stream S6 in claims) with alkyl aluminumco-catalyst stream 90 d (optionally stream S4 in claims). Stream 90 e isoptionally injected into reactor 17, wherein an optional third ethyleneinterpolymer may be formed. FIG. 3 includes additional embodimentswhere: (a) the batch Ziegler-Natta procatalyst is injected directly intoreactor 17 through stream 90 e and the procatalyst is activated insidereactor 17 by injecting 100% of the aluminum co-catalyst directly intoreactor 17 via stream 90 f, or; (b) a portion of the aluminumco-catalyst may flow through stream 90 e with the remaining portionflowing through stream 90 f. Any combination of tanks or streams 90 athrough 90 f may be heated or cooled.

Although not shown in FIG. 3 an additional embodiment includes theinjection of the first homogeneous catalyst formulation into tubularreactor 17. One option to accomplish this embodiment would be to splitstream 5 e, i.e. a portion of stream 5 e is injected into reactor 11 aand the remaining portion is injected into reactor 17 (piping not shownin FIG. 3). Another option (not shown in FIG. 3) would be to construct asecond homogeneous catalyst assembly that injects an essentiallyequivalent first homogeneous catalyst formulation (e.g. containingcomponent A) directly into reactor 17.

An additional embodiment (not shown in FIG. 3) includes the use of asecond homogeneous catalyst assembly to inject a third or fifthhomogenous catalyst formulation into tubular reactor 17. The fifthhomogeneous catalyst formulation may be the first homogeneous catalystformulation, the third homogeneous catalyst formulation or a fourthhomogeneous catalyst formulation.

The time between the addition of the alkyl aluminum co-catalyst and theinjection of the batch Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation into reactor12 a is controlled; hereinafter HUT-4 (the fourth Hold-Up-Time).Referring to FIG. 3, HUT-4 is the time for stream 60 d (stream S4 inclaims) to intermix and equilibrate with stream 60 b (batchZiegler-Natta procatalyst) to form the batch Ziegler Natta catalystformulation prior to injection into reactor 12 a via in stream 60 e.Optionally, HUT-4 is the time for stream 60 d to intermix andequilibrate with stream 60 b to from the batch Ziegler-Natta catalystformulation prior to injection into the optional third reactor 17 viastream 60 f, or; HUT-4 is the time for stream 90 d to intermix andequilibrate with stream 90 b to form the batch Ziegler-Natta catalystformulation prior to injection into reactor 17 via stream 90 e. Theupper limit on HUT-4 may be about 300 seconds, in some cases about 200seconds and in other cases about 100 seconds. The lower limit on HUT-4may be about 0.1 seconds, in some cases about 1 seconds and in othercases about 10 seconds.

The quantity of batch Ziegler-Natta procatalyst produced and/or the sizeof the procatalyst storage tanks 60 a or 90 a is not particularlyimportant with respect to this disclosure. However, a larger quantity ofprocatalyst produced allows one to operate the continuous solutionpolymerization plant for a longer period of time (prior to a refreshingthe procatalyst): the upper limit on this time in some cases may beabout 3 months, in other cases for about 2 months and in still othercases for about 1 month; the lower limit on this time in some cases maybe about 1 day, in other cases about 1 week and in still other casesabout 2 weeks.

The quantity of batch Ziegler-Natta procatalyst or batch Ziegler-Nattacatalyst formulation added to reactor 12 a is expressed as “R2 (vii)(ppm)”, i.e. the parts-per-million (ppm) of metal compound (component(vii)) in the reactor solution. The upper limit on R2 (vii) (ppm) may beabout 10 ppm, in some cases about 8 ppm and in other cases about 6 ppm.The lower limit on R2 (vii) (ppm) may be about 0.5 ppm, in some casesabout 1 ppm and in other cases about 2 ppm. The quantity of the alkylaluminum co-catalyst added to reactor 12 a is optimized to produce anefficient catalyst; this is accomplished by adjusting the (alkylaluminum co-catalyst)/(metal compound) molar ratio. The upper limit onthe (alkyl aluminum co-catalyst)/(metal compound) molar ratio may beabout 10, in some cases about 8.0 and is other cases about 6.0. Thelower limit on the (alkyl aluminum co-catalyst)/(metal compound) molarratio may be 0.5, in some cases about 0.75 and in other cases about 1.

Referring to FIG. 3, where the heterogeneous catalyst formulation is abatch Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation, a third ethylene interpolymermay, or may not, form. A third ethylene interpolymer will not form ifcatalyst deactivator A is added upstream of reactor 17 via catalystdeactivator tank 18A. A third ethylene interpolymer will be formed ifcatalyst deactivator B is added downstream of reactor 17 via catalystdeactivator tank 18B.

The optional third ethylene interpolymer produced in reactor 17 may beformed using a variety of operational modes; with the proviso thatcatalyst deactivator A is not added upstream of reactor 17. Non-limitingexamples of operational modes include: (a) residual ethylene, residualoptional α-olefin and residual active catalyst entering reactor 17 reactto form the optional third ethylene interpolymer, or; (b) fresh processsolvent 13, fresh ethylene 14 and optionally fresh α-olefin 15 are addedto reactor 17 and the residual active catalyst entering reactor 17 formsthe optional third ethylene interpolymer, or; (c) the first batchZiegler-Natta catalyst (or procatalyst) formulation is added to reactor17 via stream 10 g or the second batch Ziegler-Natta catalyst (orprocatalyst) formulation is added to reactor 17 via stream 34 e topolymerize residual ethylene and residual optional α-olefin to form theoptional third ethylene interpolymer, and/or; (d) fresh process solvent13, ethylene 14, optional α-olefin 15 and a fifth homogeneous catalystformulation (not shown in FIG. 3) are added to reactor 17 to form theoptional third ethylene interpolymer; where the fifth homogeneouscatalyst formulation may be the first homogeneous catalyst formulation,the third homogeneous catalyst or the fourth homogeneous catalystformulation. In this disclosure, the fourth homogeneous catalystformulation contains a bulky metal-ligand complex that is not a memberof the chemical genera defined by Formula (I) or Formula (II).Optionally fresh hydrogen 16 may be added to reduce the molecular weightof the optional third optional ethylene interpolymer.

As shown in FIG. 3, the first batch Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulationmay be deactivated upstream of reactor 17 by adding catalyst deactivatorA via deactivator tank 18A to form a deactivated solution A (stream 12e), or; the first batch Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation andoptionally the second batch Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation may bedeactivated downstream of reactor 17 by adding catalyst deactivator Bvia deactivator tank 18B to form a deactivated solution B (stream 19),or; the first batch Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation and optionallythe fifth homogeneous catalyst formulation may be deactivated downstreamof reactor 17 by adding catalyst deactivator B to form deactivatedsolution B.

Deactivated solution A or B then pass through pressure let down device20, heat exchange 21 and a passivator may be added via tank 22 formingpassivated solution 23. The remaining vessels (24, 25, 28 and 31) andstreams (26, 27, 29, 39, 32 and 33) and process conditions have beendescribed previously. The ethylene interpolymer product stream 33proceeds to polymer recovery. The first, second and third gaseousoverhead streams shown in FIG. 3 (streams 26, 29 and 32, respectively)are sent to a distillation column where solvent, ethylene and optionalα-olefin are separated for later use, or; the first, second and thirdgaseous overhead streams are recycled to the reactors, or; a portion ofthe first, second and third gaseous overhead streams are recycled to thereactors and the remaining portion is sent to a distillation column.

Comparatives

In this disclosure Comparative ethylene interpolymer samples wereproduced by replacing the first homogeneous catalyst formulation (usedin the first reactor (R1)) with a third homogeneous catalystformulation. One embodiment of the first homogeneous catalystformulation was a bridged metallocene catalyst formulation containingcomponent A (represented by Formula (I)) and one embodiment of the thirdhomogeneous catalyst formulation was an unbridged single site catalystformulation containing component C (represented by Formula (II)), asfully described above.

To be more clear, referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, the third homogeneouscatalyst formulation or the unbridged single site catalyst formulationwas prepared by combining: stream 5 a, containing component P dissolvedin a catalyst component solvent; stream 5 b, containing component Mdissolved in a catalyst component solvent; stream 5 c, containingcomponent C dissolved in a catalyst component solvent, and; stream 5 d,containing component B dissolved in a catalyst component solvent. Thethird homogeneous catalyst formulation was then injected into reactor 11a via process stream 5 e producing a comparative first ethyleneinterpolymer in reactor 11 a. The “R1 catalyst inlet temperature” wascontrolled. In the case of the unbridged singe site catalyst formulationthe upper temperature limit on the R1 catalyst inlet temperature may beabout 70° C., in other cases about 60° C. and in still other cases about50° C., and; in some cases the lower temperature limit on the R1catalyst inlet temperature may be about 0° C., in other cases about 10°C. and in still other cases about 20° C. The same catalyst componentsolvents were used to prepare both the first and third homogeneouscatalyst formulations.

For all Comparative ethylene interpolymer products disclosed, thein-line Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation (described above) wasinjected into reactor 12 a (R2), wherein the second ethyleneinterpolymer was formed. Comparative ethylene interpolymer products werean in-situ solution blend of: 1) the comparative first ethyleneinterpolymer (produced with the third homogeneous catalyst formulation);2) the second ethylene interpolymer, and; 3) optionally the thirdethylene interpolymer.

Optimization of Homogeneous Catalyst Formulations

Referring to the bridged metallocene catalyst formulation, a highlyactive formulation was produced by optimizing the proportion of each ofthe four catalyst components: component A, component M, component B andcomponent P. The term “highly active” means the catalyst formulation isvery efficient in converting olefins to polyolefins. In practice theoptimization objective is to maximize the following ratio: (pounds ofethylene interpolymer product produced)/(pounds of catalyst consumed).The quantity of the bulky ligand-metal complex, component A, added to R1was expressed as the parts per million (ppm) of component A in the totalmass of the solution in R1. The upper limit on the ppm of component Amay be about 5, in some cases about 3 and is other cases about 2. Thelower limit on the ppm of component A may be about 0.02, in some casesabout 0.05 and in other cases about 0.1.

The proportion of catalyst component B, the ionic activator, added to R1was optimized by controlling the (ionic activator)/(component A) molarratio, ([B]/[A]), in the R1 solution. The upper limit on the R1([B]/[A]) may be about 10, in some cases about 5 and in other casesabout 2. The lower limit on R1 ([B]/[A]) may be about 0.3, in some casesabout 0.5 and in other cases about 1.0. The proportion of catalystcomponent M was optimized by controlling the (alumoxane)/(component A)molar ratio, ([M]/[A]), in the R1 solution. The alumoxane co-catalystwas generally added in a molar excess relative to component A. The upperlimit on R1 ([M]/[A]), may be about 300, in some cases about 200 and isother cases about 100. The lower limit on R1 ([M]/[A]), may be about 1,in some cases about 10 and in other cases about 30. The addition ofcatalyst component P (the hindered phenol) to R1 is optional. If added,the proportion of component P was optimized by controlling the (hinderedphenol)/(alumoxane), ([P]/[M]), molar ratio in R1. The upper limit on R1([P]/[M]) may be about 1, in some cases about 0.75 and in other casesabout 0.5. The lower limit on R1 ([P]/[M]) may be 0.0, in some casesabout 0.1 and in other cases about 0.2.

Similarly, in the case of the third homogeneous catalyst formulation(used to synthesize the Comparative Examples) a highly activeformulation was produced by optimizing the proportion of each of thefour catalyst components: component C, component M, component B andcomponent P. Catalyst components M, B and P were independently selectedfor the third homogeneous catalyst formulation, and; catalyst componentsM, B and P were independently selected for the first homogeneouscatalyst formulation. To be more clear, components M, B and P in thethird homogeneous catalyst formulation may be the same chemicalcompound, or a different chemical compound, that was used to formulatethe first homogeneous catalyst formulation.

The quantity of the bulky ligand metal complex, component C, added to R1is expressed as the parts per million (ppm) of component C in the totalmass of the solution in R1. The upper limit on the R1 ppm of component Cmay be about 5, in some cases about 3 and is other cases about 2. Thelower limit on the R1 ppm of component C may be about 0.02, in somecases about 0.05 and in other cases about 0.1. The proportion ofcatalyst component B, the ionic activator, added to R1 was optimized bycontrolling the (ionic activator)/(bulky ligand-metal complex) molarratio, ([B]/[C]), in the R1 solution. The upper limit on R1 ([B]/[C])may be about 10, in some cases about 5 and in other cases about 2. Thelower limit on R1 ([B]/[C]) may be about 0.3, in some cases about 0.5and in other cases about 1.0. The proportion of catalyst component M wasoptimized by controlling the (alumoxane)/(bulky ligand-metal complex)molar ratio, ([M]/[C]), in the R1 solution. The alumoxane co-catalystwas generally added in a molar excess relative to the bulky ligand-metalcomplex.

The upper limit on the ([M]/[C]) molar ratio may be about 1000, in somecases about 500 and is other cases about 200. The lower limit on the([M]/[C]) molar ratio may be about 1, in some cases about 10 and inother cases about 30. The addition of catalyst component P to R1 isoptional. If added, the proportion of component P was optimized bycontrolling the (hindered phenol)/(alumoxane) molar ratio, ([P]/[M]), inR1. The upper limit on the R1 ([P]/[M]) molar ratio may be about 1.0, insome cases about 0.75 and in other cases about 0.5. The lower limit onthe R1 ([P]/[M]) molar ratio may be 0.0, in some cases about 0.1 and inother cases about 0.2.

Additional Solution Polymerization Process Parameters

In the continuous solution processes embodiments shown in FIGS. 2 and 3a variety of solvents may be used as the process solvent; non-limitingexamples include linear, branched or cyclic C₅ to C₁₂ alkanes.Non-limiting examples of α-olefins include 1-propene, 1-butene,1-pentene, 1-hexene and 1-octene. Suitable catalyst component solventsinclude aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Non-limiting examples ofaliphatic catalyst component solvents include linear, branched or cyclicC₅₋₁₂ aliphatic hydrocarbons, e.g. pentane, methyl pentane, hexane,heptane, octane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, hydrogenated naphtha orcombinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of aromatic catalystcomponent solvents include benzene, toluene (methylbenzene),ethylbenzene, o-xylene (1,2-dimethylbenzene), m-xylene(1,3-dimethylbenzene), p-xylene (1,4-dimethylbenzene), mixtures ofxylene isomers, hemellitene (1,2,3-trimethylbenzene), pseudocumene(1,2,4-trimethylbenzene), mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene), mixturesof trimethylbenzene isomers, prehenitene (1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene),durene (1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene), mixtures of tetramethylbenzeneisomers, pentamethylbenzene, hexamethylbenzene and combinations thereof.

It is well known to individuals experienced in the art that reactor feedstreams (solvent, monomer, α-olefin, hydrogen, catalyst formulationetc.) must be essentially free of catalyst deactivating poisons;non-limiting examples of poisons include trace amounts of oxygenatessuch as water, fatty acids, alcohols, ketones and aldehydes. Suchpoisons were removed from reactor feed streams using standardpurification practices; non-limiting examples include molecular sievebeds, alumina beds and oxygen removal catalysts for the purification ofsolvents, ethylene and α-olefins, etc.

Referring to the first and second reactors in FIGS. 2 and 3 anycombination of the CSTR reactor feed streams may be heated or cooled:more specifically, streams 1-4 (reactor 11 a) and streams 6-9 (reactor12 a). The upper limit on reactor feed stream temperatures may be about90° C.; in other cases, about 80° C. and in still other cases about 70°C. The lower limit on reactor feed stream temperatures may be about 0°C.; in other cases, about 10° C. and in still other cases about 20° C.Any combination of the streams feeding the tubular reactor may be heatedor cooled; specifically, streams 13-16 in FIGS. 2 and 3. In some cases,tubular reactor feed streams are tempered, i.e. the tubular reactor feedstreams are heated to at least above ambient temperature. The uppertemperature limit on the tubular reactor feed streams in some cases areabout 200° C., in other cases about 170° C. and in still other casesabout 140° C.; the lower temperature limit on the tubular reactor feedstreams in some cases are about 60° C., in other cases about 90° C. andin still other cases about 120° C.; with the proviso that thetemperature of the tubular reactor feed streams are lower than thetemperature of the process stream that enters the tubular reactor.

In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 the operating temperatures ofthe solution polymerization reactors (vessels 11 a (R1) and 12 a (R2))can vary over a wide range. For example, the upper limit on reactortemperatures in some cases may be about 300° C., in other cases about280° C. and in still other cases about 260° C.; and the lower limit insome cases may be about 80° C., in other cases about 100° C. and instill other cases about 125° C. The second reactor, reactor 12 a (R2),is operated at a higher temperature than the first reactor 11 a (R1).The maximum temperature difference between these two reactors(T^(R2)−T^(R1)) in some cases is about 120° C., in other cases about100° C. and in still other cases about 80° C.; the minimum(T^(R2)−T^(R1)) in some cases is about 1° C., in other cases about 5° C.and in still other cases about 10° C. The optional tubular reactor,reactor 17 (R3), may be operated in some cases about 100° C. higher thanR2; in other cases about 60° C. higher than R2, in still other casesabout 10° C. higher than R2 and in alternative cases 0° C. higher, i.e.the same temperature as R2. The temperature within optional R3 mayincrease along its length. The maximum temperature difference betweenthe inlet and outlet of R3 in some cases is about 100° C., in othercases about 60° C. and in still other cases about 40° C. The minimumtemperature difference between the inlet and outlet of R3 is in somecases may be 0° C., in other cases about 3° C. and in still other casesabout 10° C. In some cases, R3 is operated an adiabatic fashion and inother cases R3 is heated.

The pressure in the polymerization reactors should be high enough tomaintain the polymerization solution as a single phase solution and toprovide the upstream pressure to force the polymer solution from thereactors through a heat exchanger and on to polymer recovery operations.Referring to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the operatingpressure of the solution polymerization reactors can vary over a widerange. For example, the upper limit on reactor pressure in some casesmay be about 45 MPag, in other cases about 30 MPag and in still othercases about 20 MPag; and the lower limit in some cases may be about 3MPag, in other some cases about 5 MPag and in still other cases about 7MPag.

Referring to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, prior to enteringthe first V/L separator, the passivated solution (stream 23) may have amaximum temperature in some cases of about 300° C., in other cases about290° C. and in still other cases about 280° C.; the minimum temperaturemay be in some cases about 150° C., in other cases about 200° C. and instill other cases about 220° C. Immediately prior to entering the firstV/L separator the passivated solution in some cases may have a maximumpressure of about 40 MPag, in other cases about 25 MPag and in stillcases about 15 MPag; the minimum pressure in some cases may be about 1.5MPag, in other cases about 5 MPag and in still other cases about 6 MPag.

The first V/L separator (vessel 25 in FIGS. 2 and 3) may be operatedover a relatively broad range of temperatures and pressures. Forexample, the maximum operating temperature of the first V/L separator insome cases may be about 300° C., in other cases about 285° C. and instill other cases about 270° C.; the minimum operating temperature insome cases may be about 100° C., in other cases about 140° C. and instill other cases 170° C. The maximum operating pressure of the firstV/L separator in some cases may be about 20 MPag, in other cases about10 MPag and in still other cases about 5 MPag; the minimum operatingpressure in some cases may be about 1 MPag, in other cases about 2 MPagand in still other cases about 3 MPag.

The second V/L separator (vessel 28 in FIGS. 2 and 3) may be operatedover a relatively broad range of temperatures and pressures. Forexample, the maximum operating temperature of the second V/L separatorin some cases may be about 300° C., in other cases about 250° C. and instill other cases about 200° C.; the minimum operating temperature insome cases may be about 100° C., in other cases about 125° C. and instill other cases about 150° C. The maximum operating pressure of thesecond V/L separator in some cases may be about 1000 kPag, in othercases about 900 kPag and in still other cases about 800 kPag; theminimum operating pressure in some cases may be about 10 kPag, in othercases about 20 kPag and in still other cases about 30 kPag.

The third V/L separator (vessel 31 in FIGS. 2 and 3) may be operatedover a relatively broad range of temperatures and pressures. Forexample, the maximum operating temperature of the third V/L separator insome cases may be about 300° C., in other cases about 250° C., and instill other cases about 200° C.; the minimum operating temperature insome cases may be about 100° C., in other cases about 125° C. and instill other cases about 150° C. The maximum operating pressure of thethird V/L separator in some cases may be about 500 kPag, in other casesabout 150 kPag and in still other cases about 100 kPag; the minimumoperating pressure in some cases may be about 1 kPag, in other casesabout 10 kPag and in still other cases 25 about kPag.

Embodiments of the continuous solution polymerization process shown inFIGS. 2 and 3 show three V/L separators. However, continuous solutionpolymerization embodiments may include configurations comprising atleast one V/L separator.

The ethylene interpolymer product produced in the continuous solutionpolymerization process may be recovered using conventionaldevolatilization systems that are well known to persons skilled in theart, non-limiting examples include flash devolatilization systems anddevolatilizing extruders.

Any reactor shape or design may be used for reactor 11 a (R1) andreactor 12 a (R2) in FIGS. 2 and 3; non-limiting examples includeunstirred or stirred spherical, cylindrical or tank-like vessels, aswell as tubular reactors or recirculating loop reactors. At commercialscale the maximum volume of R1 in some cases may be about 20,000 gallons(about 75,710 L), in other cases about 10,000 gallons (about 37,850 L)and in still other cases about 5,000 gallons (about 18,930 L). Atcommercial scale the minimum volume of R1 in some cases may be about 100gallons (about 379 L), in other cases about 500 gallons (about 1,893 L)and in still other cases about 1,000 gallons (about 3,785 L). At pilotplant scales reactor volumes are typically much smaller, for example thevolume of R1 at pilot scale could be less than about 2 gallons (lessthan about 7.6 L). In this disclosure the volume of reactor R2 wasexpressed as a percent of the volume of reactor R1. The upper limit onthe volume of R2 in some cases may be about 600% of R1, in other casesabout 400% of R1 and in still other cases about 200% of R1. For clarity,if the volume of R1 is 5,000 gallons and R2 is 200% the volume of R1,then R2 has a volume of 10,000 gallons. The lower limit on the volume ofR2 in some cases may be about 50% of R1, in other cases about 100% of R1and in still other cases about 150% of R1. In the case of continuouslystirred tank reactors the stirring rate can vary over a wide range; insome cases from about 10 rpm to about 2000 rpm, in other cases fromabout 100 to about 1500 rpm and in still other cases from about 200 toabout 1300 rpm. In this disclosure the volume of R3, the tubularreactor, was expressed as a percent of the volume of reactor R2. Theupper limit on the volume of R3 in some cases may be about 500% of R2,in other cases about 300% of R2 and instill other cases about 100% ofR2. The lower limit on the volume of R3 in some cases may be about 3% ofR2, in other cases about 10% of R2 and in still other cases about 50% ofR2.

The “average reactor residence time”, a commonly used parameter in thechemical engineering art, is defined by the first moment of the reactorresidence time distribution; the reactor residence time distribution isa probability distribution function that describes the amount of timethat a fluid element spends inside the reactor. The average reactorresidence time can vary widely depending on process flow rates andreactor mixing, design and capacity. The upper limit on the averagereactor residence time of the solution in R1 in some cases may be about600 seconds, in other cases about 360 seconds and in still other casesabout 180 seconds. The lower limit on the average reactor residence timeof the solution in R1 in some cases may be about 10 seconds, in othercases about 20 seconds and in still other cases about 40 seconds. Theupper limit on the average reactor residence time of the solution in R2in some cases may be about 720 seconds, in other cases about 480 secondsand in still other cases about 240 seconds. The lower limit on theaverage reactor residence time of the solution in R2 in some cases maybe about 10 seconds, in other cases about 30 seconds and in still othercases about 60 seconds. The upper limit on the average reactor residencetime of the solution in R3 in some cases may be about 600 seconds, inother cases about 360 seconds and in still other cases about 180seconds. The lower limit on the average reactor residence time of thesolution in R3 in some cases may be about 1 second, in other cases about5 seconds and in still other cases about 10 seconds.

Optionally, additional reactors (e.g. CSTRs, loops or tubes, etc.) couldbe added to the continuous solution polymerization process embodimentsshown in FIGS. 2 and 3. In this disclosure, the number of reactors wasnot particularly important; with the proviso that the continuoussolution polymerization process comprises at least two reactors thatemploy at least a first homogeneous catalyst formulation and at leastone heterogeneous catalyst formulation.

In operating the continuous solution polymerization process embodimentsshown in FIGS. 2 and 3 the total amount of ethylene supplied to theprocess can be portioned or split between the three reactors R1, R2 andR3. This operational variable was referred to as the Ethylene Split(ES), i.e. “ES^(R1)”, “ES^(R2)” and “ES^(R3)” refer to the weightpercent of ethylene injected in R1, R2 and R3, respectively; with theproviso that ES^(R1)+ES^(R2)+ES^(R3)=100%. This was accomplished byadjusting the ethylene flow rates in the following streams: stream 2(R1), stream 7 (R2) and stream 14 (R3). The upper limit on ES^(R1) insome cases is about 60%, in other cases about 55% and in still othercases about 50%; the lower limit on ES^(R1) in some cases is about 5%,in other cases about 8% and in still other cases about 10%. The upperlimit on ES^(R2) in some cases is about 95%, in other cases about 92%and in still other cases about 90%; the lower limit on ES^(R2) in somecases is about 20%, in other cases about 30% and in still other casesabout 40%. The upper limit on ES^(R3) in some cases is about 30%, inother cases about 25% and in still other cases about 20%; the lowerlimit on ES^(R3) in some cases is 0%, in other cases about 5% and instill other cases about 10%.

In operating the continuous solution polymerization process embodimentsshown in FIGS. 2 and 3 the ethylene concentration in each reactor wasalso controlled. The ethylene concentration in reactor 1, hereinafterEC^(R1), is defined as the weight of ethylene in reactor 1 divided bythe total weight of everything added to reactor 1; EC^(R2) and EC^(R3)are defined similarly. Ethylene concentrations in the reactors (EC^(R1)or EC^(R2) or EC^(R3)) in some cases may vary from about 7 weightpercent (wt. %) to about 25 wt. %, in other cases from about 8 wt. % toabout 20 wt. % and in still other cases from about 9 wt. % to about 17wt. %.

In operating the continuous solution polymerization process embodimentsshown in FIGS. 2 and 3 the total amount of ethylene converted in eachreactor was monitored. The term “Q^(R1)” refers to the percent of theethylene added to R1 that was converted into an ethylene interpolymer bythe catalyst formulation. Similarly Q^(R2) and Q^(R3) represent thepercent of the ethylene added to R2 and R3 that was converted intoethylene interpolymer, in the respective reactor. Ethylene conversionscan vary significantly depending on a variety of process conditions,e.g. catalyst concentration, catalyst formulation, impurities andpoisons. The upper limit on both Q^(R1) and Q^(R2) in some cases isabout 99%, in other cases about 95% and in still other cases about 90%;the lower limit on both Q^(R1) and Q^(R2) in some cases is about 65%, inother cases about 70% and in still other cases about 75%. The upperlimit on Q^(R3) in some cases is about 99%, in other cases about 95% andin still other cases about 90%; the lower limit on Q^(R3) in some casesis 0%, in other cases about 5% and in still other cases about 10%. Theterm “Q^(T)” represents the total or overall ethylene conversion acrossthe entire continuous solution polymerization plant; i.e.Q^(T)=100×[weight of ethylene in the interpolymer product]/([weight ofethylene in the interpolymer product]+[weight of unreacted ethylene]).The upper limit on Q^(T) in some cases is about 99%, in other casesabout 95% and in still other cases about 90%; the lower limit on Q^(T)in some cases is about 75%, in other cases about 80% and in still othercases about 85%.

Optionally, α-olefin may be added to the continuous solutionpolymerization process. If added, α-olefin may be proportioned or splitbetween R1, R2 and R3. This operational variable was referred to as theComonomer Split (CS), i.e. “CS^(R1)”, “CS^(R2)” and “CS^(R3)” refer tothe weight percent of α-olefin comonomer that is injected in R1, R2 andR3, respectively; with the proviso that CS^(R1)+CS^(R2)+CS^(R3)=100%.This is accomplished by adjusting α-olefin flow rates in the followingstreams: stream 3 (R1), stream 8 (R2) and stream 15 (R3). The upperlimit on CS^(R1) in some cases is 100% (i.e. 100% of the α-olefin isinjected into R1), in other cases about 95% and in still other casesabout 90%. The lower limit on CS^(R1) in some cases is 0% (ethylenehomopolymer produced in R1), in other cases about 5% and in still othercases about 10%. The upper limit on CS^(R2) in some cases is about 100%(i.e. 100% of the α-olefin is injected into reactor 2), in other casesabout 95% and in still other cases about 90%. The lower limit on CS^(R2)in some cases is 0%, in other cases about 5% and in still other casesabout 10%. The upper limit on CS^(R3) in some cases is 100%, in othercases about 95% and in still other cases about 90%. The lower limit onCS^(R3) in some cases is 0%, in other cases about 5% and in still othercases about 10%.

First Ethylene Interpolymer

The first ethylene interpolymer was synthesized using the firsthomogeneous catalyst formulation. One embodiment of the firsthomogeneous catalyst formulation was a bridged metallocene catalystformulation. Referring to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, if theoptional α-olefin was not added to reactor 1 (R1), then the ethyleneinterpolymer produced in R1 was an ethylene homopolymer. If an α-olefinis added, the following weight ratio was one parameter to control thedensity of the first ethylene interpolymer:((α-olefin)/(ethylene))^(R1). The upper limit on((α-olefin)/(ethylene))^(R1) may be about 3; in other cases about 2 andin still other cases about 1. The lower limit on((α-olefin)/(ethylene))^(R1) may be 0; in other cases about 0.25 and instill other cases about 0.5. Hereinafter, the symbol “6” refers to thedensity of the first ethylene interpolymer produced in R1. The upperlimit on 6 may be about 0.975 g/cm³; in some cases, about 0.965 g/cm³and; in other cases about 0.955 g/cm³. The lower limit on 6 may be about0.855 g/cm³, in some cases about 0.865 g/cm³, and, in other cases, about0.875 g/cm³.

Methods to determine the CDBI₅₀ (Composition Distribution BranchingIndex) of an ethylene interpolymer are well known to those skilled inthe art. The CDBI₅₀, expressed as a percent, was defined as the percentof the ethylene interpolymer whose comonomer composition is within 50%of the median comonomer composition. It is also well known to thoseskilled in the art that the CDBI₅₀ of ethylene interpolymers producedwith homogeneous catalyst formulations are higher relative to the CDBI₅₀of α-olefin containing ethylene interpolymers produced withheterogeneous catalyst formulations. The upper limit on the CDBI₅₀ ofthe first ethylene interpolymer (produced with a homogeneous catalystformulation) may be about 98%, in other cases about 95% and in stillother cases about 90%. The lower limit on the CDBI₅₀ of the firstethylene interpolymer may be about 70%, in other cases about 75% and instill other cases about 80%.

As is well known to those skilled in the art the M_(w)/M_(n) of ethyleneinterpolymers produced with homogeneous catalyst formulations are lowerrelative to ethylene interpolymers produced with heterogeneous catalystformulations. Thus, in the embodiments disclosed, the first ethyleneinterpolymer had a lower M_(w)/M_(n) relative to the second ethyleneinterpolymer; where the second ethylene interpolymer was produced with aheterogeneous catalyst formulation. The upper limit on the M_(w)/M_(n)of the first ethylene interpolymer may be about 2.8, in other casesabout 2.5 and in still other cases about 2.2. The lower limit on theM_(w)/M_(n) the first ethylene interpolymer may be about 1.7, in othercases about 1.8 and in still other cases about 1.9.

The first ethylene interpolymer, produced with the bridged metallocenecatalyst formulation, contains long chain branching characterized by theLCBF disclosed herein. The upper limit on the LCBF of the first ethyleneinterpolymer may be about 0.5, in other cases about 0.4 and in stillother cases about 0.3 (dimensionless). The lower limit on the LCBF ofthe first ethylene interpolymer may be about 0.001, in other cases about0.0015 and in still other cases about 0.002 (dimensionless).

The first ethylene interpolymer contained catalyst residues that reflectthe chemical composition of the first homogeneous catalyst formulation.Those skilled in the art will understand that catalyst residues aretypically quantified by the parts per million of metal in the firstethylene interpolymer, where metal originates from the metal in catalystcomponent A (Formula (I)); hereinafter this metal will be referred to“metal A”. As recited earlier in this disclosure, non-limiting examplesof metal A include Group 4 metals, titanium, zirconium and hafnium. Theupper limit on the ppm of metal A in the first ethylene interpolymer maybe about 3.0 ppm, in other cases about 2.0 ppm and in still other casesabout 1.5 ppm. The lower limit on the ppm of metal A in the firstethylene interpolymer may be about 0.03 ppm, in other cases about 0.09ppm and in still other cases about 0.15 ppm.

The amount of hydrogen added to R1 can vary over a wide range allowingthe continuous solution process to produce first ethylene interpolymersthat differ greatly in melt index, hereinafter I₂ ¹ (melt index wasmeasured at 190° C. using a 2.16 kg load following the proceduresoutlined in ASTM D1238). This was accomplished by adjusting the hydrogenflow rate in stream 4 (as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3). The quantity ofhydrogen added to R1 was expressed as the parts-per-million (ppm) ofhydrogen in R1 relative to the total mass in reactor R1; hereinafter H₂^(R1) (ppm). In some cases H₂ ^(R1) (ppm) ranges from about 100 ppm to 0ppm, in other cases from about 50 ppm to 0 ppm, in alternative casesfrom about 20 ppm to 0 ppm and in still other cases from about 2 ppm to0 ppm. The upper limit on 121 may be about 200 dg/min, in some casesabout 100 dg/min; in other cases, about 50 dg/min, and, in still othercases, about 1 dg/min. The lower limit on 121 may be about 0.01 dg/min,in some cases about 0.05 dg/min; in other cases, about 0.1 dg/min, and,in still other cases about 0.5 dg/min.

The upper limit on the weight percent (wt. %) of the first ethyleneinterpolymer in the ethylene interpolymer product may be about 60 wt. %,in other cases about 55 wt. % and in still other cases about 50 wt. %.The lower limit on the wt. % of the first ethylene interpolymer in theethylene interpolymer product may be about 5 wt. %; in other cases,about 8 wt. % and in still other cases about 10 wt. %.

Second Ethylene Interpolymer

Referring to the embodiments shown in FIG. 2, if optional α-olefin wasnot added to reactor 12 a (R2) either through fresh α-olefin stream 8 orcarried over from reactor 11 a (R1) in stream 11 e (in series mode),then the ethylene interpolymer produced in reactor 12 a (R2) was anethylene homopolymer. If an optional α-olefin is present in R2, thefollowing weight ratio was one parameter to control the density of thesecond ethylene interpolymer produced in R2:((α-olefin)/(ethylene))^(R2). The upper limit on((α-olefin)/(ethylene))^(R2) may be about 3; in other cases about 2 andin still other cases about 1. The lower limit on((α-olefin)/(ethylene))^(R2) may be 0; in other cases about 0.25 and instill other cases about 0.5. Hereinafter, the symbol “σ²” refers to thedensity of the ethylene interpolymer produced in R2. The upper limit onσ² may be about 0.975 g/cm³; in some cases, about 0.965 g/cm³ and; inother cases about 0.955 g/cm³. Depending on the heterogeneous catalystformulation used, the lower limit on 62 may be about 0.89 g/cm³, in somecases about 0.90 g/cm³, and, in other cases, about 0.91 g/cm³. Theranges disclosed in this paragraph also apply to the embodiments shownin FIG. 3.

A heterogeneous catalyst formulation was used to produce the secondethylene interpolymer. If the second ethylene interpolymer contains anα-olefin, the CDBI₅₀ of the second ethylene interpolymer was lowerrelative to the CDBI₅₀ of the first ethylene interpolymer that wasproduced with the first homogeneous catalyst formulation. In anembodiment of this disclosure, the upper limit on the CDBI₅₀ of thesecond ethylene interpolymer (that contains an α-olefin) may be about70%, in other cases about 65% and in still other cases about 60%. In anembodiment of this disclosure, the lower limit on the CDBI₅₀ of thesecond ethylene interpolymer (that contains an α-olefin) may be about45%, in other cases about 50% and in still other cases about 55%. If anα-olefin is not added to the continuous solution polymerization processthe second ethylene interpolymer was an ethylene homopolymer. In thecase of a homopolymer, which does not contain α-olefin, one can stillmeasure a CDBI₅₀ using TREF. In the case of a homopolymer, the upperlimit on the CDBI₅₀ of the second ethylene interpolymer may be about98%, in other cases about 96% and in still other cases about 95%, and;the lower limit on the CDBI₅₀ may be about 88%, in other cases about 89%and in still other cases about 90%. It is well known to those skilled inthe art that as the α-olefin content in the second ethylene interpolymerapproaches zero, there is a smooth transition between the recited CDBI₅₀limits for the second ethylene interpolymers (that contain an α-olefin)and the recited CDBI₅₀ limits for the second ethylene interpolymers thatare ethylene homopolymers.

The M_(w)/M_(n) of second ethylene interpolymer was higher than theM_(w)/M_(n) of the first ethylene interpolymer. The upper limit on theM_(w)/M_(n) of the second ethylene interpolymer may be about 4.4, inother cases about 4.2 and in still other cases about 4.0. The lowerlimit on the M_(w)/M_(n) of the second ethylene interpolymer may beabout 2.2. M_(w)/M_(n)'s of 2.2 were observed when the melt index of thesecond ethylene interpolymer is high, or when the melt index of theethylene interpolymer product is high, e.g. greater than 10 g/10minutes. In other cases, the lower limit on the M_(w)/M_(n) of thesecond ethylene interpolymer may be about 2.4 and in still other casesabout 2.6.

The second ethylene interpolymer, produced with the first heterogeneouscatalyst formulation, was characterized by an undetectable level of longchain branching, i.e. LCBF of <0.001 (dimensionless).

The second ethylene interpolymer contains catalyst residues that reflectthe chemical composition of the first or second heterogeneous catalystformulation. The first heterogeneous catalyst formulation containscatalytic ‘metal Z1’. The second heterogeneous catalyst formulationcontains catalytic ‘metal Z2’. The efficiency of the first heterogeneouscatalyst formulation can be quantified by measuring the parts permillion of metal Z1 or metal Z2 in the second ethylene interpolymer,where metal Z1 originates from the first component (vii) in the firstheterogeneous catalyst formulation or metal Z2 originates from thesecond component (vii) in the second heterogeneous catalyst formulation.Non-limiting examples of metal Z1 and metal Z2 include metals selectedfrom Group 4 through Group 8 of the Periodic Table, or mixtures ofmetals selected from Group 4 through Group 8. The upper limit on the ppmof metal Z1 or metal Z2 in the second ethylene interpolymer may be about12 ppm, in other cases about 10 ppm and in still other cases about 8ppm. The lower limit on the ppm of metal Z1 or metal Z2 in the secondethylene interpolymer may be about 0.5 ppm, in other cases about 1 ppmand in still other cases about 3 ppm.

Referring to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the amount ofhydrogen added to R2 can vary over a wide range which allows thecontinuous solution process to produce second ethylene interpolymersthat differ greatly in melt index, hereinafter I₂ ². This isaccomplished by adjusting the hydrogen flow rate in stream 9. Thequantity of hydrogen added was expressed as the parts-per-million (ppm)of hydrogen in R2 relative to the total mass in reactor R2; hereinafterH₂ ^(R2) (ppm). In some cases, H₂ ^(R2) (ppm) ranges from about 50 ppmto 0 ppm, in some cases from about 25 ppm to 0 ppm, in other cases fromabout 10 to 0 and in still other cases from about 2 ppm to 0 ppm. Theupper limit on I₂ ² may be about 1000 dg/min; in some cases about 750dg/min; in other cases about 500 dg/min, and; in still other cases about200 dg/min. The lower limit on I₂ ² may be about 0.3 dg/min, in somecases about 0.4 dg/min, in other cases about 0.5 dg/min, and, in stillother cases, about 0.6 dg/min.

The upper limit on the weight percent (wt. %) of the second ethyleneinterpolymer in the ethylene interpolymer product may be about 95 wt. %,in other cases about 92 wt. % and in still other cases about 90 wt. %.The lower limit on the wt. % of the second ethylene interpolymer in theethylene interpolymer product may be about 20 wt. %; in other cases,about 30 wt. % and in still other cases about 40 wt. %.

Third Ethylene Interpolymer

Optionally, the disclosed ethylene interpolymer products contain a thirdethylene interpolymer. Referring to the embodiments shown in FIG. 2 athird ethylene interpolymer was not produced in reactor 17 (R3) ifcatalyst deactivator A was added upstream of reactor 17 via catalystdeactivator tank 18A. If catalyst deactivator A was not added andoptional α-olefin was not added to reactor 17 either through freshα-olefin stream 15 or carried over from reactor 12 a (R2) in stream 12 c(series mode) or stream 12 d (parallel mode) then the ethyleneinterpolymer produced in reactor 17 was an ethylene homopolymer. Ifcatalyst deactivator A was not added and optional α-olefin was presentin R3, the following weight ratio was one parameter that determined thedensity of the third ethylene interpolymer:((α-olefin)/(ethylene))^(R3). The upper limit on((α-olefin)/(ethylene))^(R3) may be about 3; in other cases about 2 andin still other cases about 1. The lower limit on((α-olefin)/(ethylene))^(R3) may be 0; in other cases about 0.25 and instill other cases about 0.5. Hereinafter, the symbol “α³” refers to thedensity of the ethylene interpolymer produced in R3. The upper limit on63 may be about 0.975 g/cm³; in some cases, about 0.965 g/cm³ and, inother cases, about 0.955 g/cm³. Depending on the catalyst formulationsused in R3, the lower limit on 63 may be about 0.855 g/cm³, in somecases about 0.865 g/cm³ and, in other cases about 0.875 g/cm³. Theranges disclosed in this paragraph also apply to the embodiments shownin FIG. 3.

Optionally, one or more of the following homogeneous or heterogeneouscatalyst formulations may be injected into R3: the first homogeneouscatalyst formulation, the first heterogeneous catalyst formulation, thesecond homogeneous catalyst formulation, the third homogeneous catalystformulation or the fifth homogeneous catalyst formulation. If the firsthomogeneous catalyst formulation is employed, comprising the bridgedmetallocene catalyst formulation, the third ethylene interpolymercontains metal A. The upper limit on the ppm of metal A in the thirdethylene interpolymer may be about 3.0 ppm, in other cases about 2.0 ppmand in still other cases about 1.5 ppm. The lower limit on the ppm ofmetal A in the third ethylene interpolymer may be about 0.03 ppm, inother cases about 0.09 ppm and in still other cases about 0.15 ppm. Ifthe first heterogeneous catalyst formulation is employed, the thirdethylene interpolymer contains metal Z1. The upper limit on the ppm ofmetal Z1 in the third ethylene interpolymer may be about 12 ppm, inother cases about 10 ppm and in still other cases about 8 ppm. The lowerlimit on the ppm of metal Z1 in the third ethylene interpolymer may beabout 0.5 ppm, in other cases about 1 ppm and in still other cases about3 ppm. If the second heterogeneous catalyst formulation is employed, thethird ethylene interpolymer contains metal Z2. The upper limit on theppm of metal Z2 in the third ethylene interpolymer may be about 12 ppm,in other cases about 10 ppm and in still other cases about 8 ppm. Thelower limit on the ppm of metal Z2 in the third ethylene interpolymermay be about 0.5 ppm, in other cases about 1 ppm and in still othercases about 3 ppm. If the third homogeneous catalyst formulation isemployed, comprising the unbridged single site catalyst formulation, thethird ethylene interpolymer contains metal C. The upper limit on the ppmof metal C in the third ethylene interpolymer may be about 3.0 ppm, inother cases about 2.0 ppm and in still other cases about 1.5 ppm. Thelower limit on the ppm of metal C in the third ethylene interpolymer maybe about 0.03 ppm, in other cases about 0.09 ppm and in still othercases about 0.15 ppm. If the fifth homogeneous catalyst formulation isemployed, comprising a bulky ligand-metal complex that is not a memberof the genera defined by Formulas (I) or (II) the third ethyleneinterpolymer contains metal D. The upper limit on the ppm of metal D inthe third ethylene interpolymer may be about 3.0 ppm, in other casesabout 2.0 ppm and in still other cases about 1.5 ppm. The lower limit onthe ppm of metal D in the third ethylene interpolymer may be about 0.03ppm, in other cases about 0.09 ppm and in still other cases about 0.15ppm.

The upper limit on the CDBI₅₀ of the optional third ethyleneinterpolymer (containing an α-olefin) may be about 98%, in other casesabout 95% and in still other cases about 90%. The lower limit on theCDBI₅₀ of the optional third ethylene interpolymer may be about 35%, inother cases about 40% and in still other cases about 45%. The upperlimit on the M_(w)/M_(n) of the optional third ethylene interpolymer maybe about 5.0, in other cases about 4.8 and in still other cases about4.5. The lower limit on the M_(w)/M_(n) of the optional third ethyleneinterpolymer may be about 1.7, in other cases about 1.8 and in stillother cases about 1.9.

Referring to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, optional hydrogenmay be added to the tubular reactor (R3) via stream 16. The amount ofhydrogen added to R3 may vary over a wide range. Adjusting the amount ofhydrogen in R3, hereinafter H₂ ^(R3) (ppm), allows the continuoussolution process to produce optional third ethylene interpolymers thatdiffer widely in melt index, hereinafter I₂ ³. The amount of optionalhydrogen added to R3 ranges from about 50 ppm to 0 ppm, in some casesfrom about 25 ppm to 0 ppm, in other cases from about 10 to 0 and instill other cases from about 2 ppm to 0 ppm. The upper limit on 123 maybe about 2000 dg/min; in some cases about 1500 dg/min; in other casesabout 1000 dg/min, and; in still other cases about 500 dg/min. The lowerlimit on 123 may be about 0.5 dg/min, in some cases about 0.6 dg/min, inother cases about 0.7 dg/min, and, in still other cases about 0.8dg/min.

The upper limit on the weight percent (wt. %) of the optional thirdethylene interpolymer in the ethylene interpolymer product may be about30 wt. %, in other cases about 25 wt. % and in still other cases about20 wt. %. The lower limit on the wt. % of the optional third ethyleneinterpolymer in the ethylene interpolymer product may be 0 wt. %; inother cases, about 5 wt. % and in still other cases about 10 wt. %.

Ethylene Interpolymer Product The upper limit on the density of theethylene interpolymer product (ρ^(f)) may be about 0.975 g/cm³; in somecases, about 0.965 g/cm³ and, in other cases about 0.955 g/cm³. Thelower limit on the density of the ethylene interpolymer product may beabout 0.862 g/cm³, in some cases about 0.872 g/cm³, and, in other casesabout 0.882 g/cm³.

The upper limit on the CDBI₅₀ of the ethylene interpolymer product maybe about 97%, in other cases about 90% and in still other cases about85%. An ethylene interpolymer product with a CDBI₅₀ of 97% may result ifan α-olefin is not added to the continuous solution polymerizationprocess; in this case, the ethylene interpolymer product is an ethylenehomopolymer. The lower limit on the CDBI₅₀ of an ethylene interpolymerproduct may be about 20%, in other cases about 40% and in still othercases about 60%.

The upper limit on the M_(w)/M_(n) of the ethylene interpolymer productmay be about 25, in other cases about 15 and in still other cases about9. The lower limit on the M_(w)/M_(n) of the ethylene interpolymerproduct may be 2.0, in other cases about 2.2 and in still other casesabout 2.4.

The catalyst residues in the ethylene interpolymer product reflect thechemical compositions of the first homogeneous catalyst formulationemployed in R1; the first heterogeneous catalyst formulation employed inR2, and; optionally one or more catalyst formulations employed in R3.Catalyst residues were quantified by measuring the parts per million ofcatalytic metal in the ethylene interpolymer products using NeutronActivation Analysis (N.A.A.). As shown in Table 5, the ethyleneinterpolymer product Example 3 contained 0.541 ppm hafnium and 4.24 ppmtitanium. As shown in Table 4A, Example 3 was produced with reactors 1and 2 operating in parallel mode, a hafnium (Hf) containing bridgedmetallocene catalyst formulation was injected into reactor 1 and atitanium (Ti) containing first in-line Ziegler-Natta catalystformulation was injected into reactor 2 (catalysts were not injectedinto reactor 3). Further, in Example 3, Hf originated from CpF-2 (thediphenylmethylene (cyclopentadienyl) (2,7-di-t-butylfuorenyl) hafniumdimethyl species [(2,7-tBu₂Flu)Ph₂C(Cp)HfMe₂] of component A (Formula(I))) and Ti originated from the TiCl₄ species of component (vii).Example 3 had a residual catalyst Hf/Ti ratio of 0.128 (0.541 ppmHf/4.24 ppm Ti).

As shown in Table 5, Comparative 1 contained 0.0 ppm hafnium and 6.10ppm titanium, thus a residual catalyst Hf/Ti ratio of 0.0. As shown inTable 4A, Comparative 1 was produced with reactors 1 and 2 operating inseries mode, an unbridged single site catalyst formulation (Ticontaining) was injected into reactor 1 and a first in-lineZiegler-Natta catalyst formulation (Ti containing) was injected intoreactor 2 (catalysts were not injected into reactor 3). In Comparative 1the Ti sources were: PIC-1 (the cyclopentadienyl tri(tertiary butyl)phosphinimine titanium dichloride species [Cp[(t-Bu)₃PN]TiCl₂] ofcomponent C (Formula (II))) and the TiCl₄ species of component (vii).

As shown in Table 5, ethylene interpolymer product Example 4 contained0.502 ppm Hf and 8.45 ppm Ti and the residual catalyst Hf/Ti ratio was0.059. As shown in Table 4A, Example 4 was produced with reactors 1 and2 operating in series mode, a Hf containing (CpF-1) bridged metallocenecatalyst formulation was injected into reactor 1 and a Ti containing(TiCl₄) first in-line Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation was injectedinto reactor 2 (catalysts were not injected into reactor 3).

Comparative 10 contained 0.0 ppm of Hf and 6.8 ppm Ti and the residualcatalyst Hf/Ti ratio was 0.0. Comparative 10 was produced using theunbridged single site catalyst formulation in reactor 1 and the firstin-line Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation in reactor 2. Comparative 10was a commercially available solution process ethylene/1-octene polymerproduced by NOVA Chemicals Company (Calgary, Alberta, Canada) codedSURPASS® SPs116-C02.

The upper limit on the ppm of metal A in the ethylene interpolymerproduct was determined by maximizing the weight fraction (i.e. 0.60) ofthe first ethylene interpolymer, minimizing the weight fraction (i.e.0.20) of the second ethylene interpolymer and the remaining weightfraction (i.e. 0.20) was the third ethylene interpolymer produced withcatalytic metal A. Specifically, the upper limit on the ppm of metal Ain the ethylene interpolymer product was 2.4 ppm: i.e. ((0.6×3ppm)+(0.2×3 ppm)); where 3 ppm is the upper limit on the ppm of metal Ain the first and third ethylene interpolymers. In other cases, the upperlimit on the ppm of metal A in the ethylene interpolymer product was 2ppm and in still other cases 1.5 ppm. The lower limit on the ppm ofmetal A in the ethylene interpolymer product was determined byminimizing the weight fraction (i.e. 0.05) of the first ethyleneinterpolymer and maximizing the weight fraction (i.e. 0.95) of thesecond ethylene interpolymer. Specifically, the lower limit on the ppmof metal A in the ethylene interpolymer product was 0.0015 ppm: i.e.(0.05×0.03 ppm), where 0.03 ppm was the lower limit of metal A in thefirst ethylene interpolymer. In other cases, the lower limit on the ppmof metal A in the ethylene interpolymer product was 0.0025 ppm and instill other cases 0.0035 ppm.

The upper limit on the ppm of metal Z1 in the ethylene interpolymerproduct was determined by maximizing the weight fraction (i.e. 0.95) ofthe second ethylene interpolymer, i.e. 11.4 ppm (0.95×12 ppm), where 12ppm was the upper limit on the ppm of metal Z1 in the second ethyleneinterpolymer. In other cases, the upper limit on the amount of metal Z1in the ethylene interpolymer product was 10 ppm and in still other cases8 ppm. The lower limit on the ppm of metal Z1 in the ethyleneinterpolymer product was determined by minimizing the weight fraction(i.e. 0.20) of the second ethylene interpolymer, i.e. 0.1 ppm (0.20×0.5ppm), where 0.5 ppm was the lower limit on the ppm of metal Z1 in thesecond ethylene interpolymer. In other cases, the lower limit on the ppmof metal Z1 in the ethylene interpolymer product was 0.15 ppm and instill other cases 0.2 ppm.

The upper limit on the ppm of metal Z2 in the ethylene interpolymerproduct was determined by maximizing the weight fraction (i.e. 0.30) ofthe third ethylene interpolymer, i.e. 3.6 ppm (0.30×12 ppm), where 12ppm was the upper limit on the ppm of metal Z2 in the third ethyleneinterpolymer. In other cases, the upper limit on amount of metal Z2 inthe ethylene interpolymer product was 3 ppm and in still other cases 2.4ppm.

The lower limit on the ppm of metal Z2 in the ethylene interpolymerproduct was determined by minimizing the weight fraction (i.e. 0.0) ofthe third ethylene interpolymer, i.e. 0.0 ppm (0.0×0.5 ppm), where 0.5ppm was the lower limit on the ppm of metal Z2 in the third ethyleneinterpolymer. In other cases where the ethylene interpolymer productcontains a small fraction of the third ethylene interpolymer the lowerlimit on ppm of metal Z1 in the ethylene interpolymer product may be0.025 ppm and in other cases 0.05 ppm, i.e. 5 and 10% of the thirdethylene interpolymer, respectively.

The upper limit on the ppm of metal C, or metal D, in the ethyleneinterpolymer product was determined by maximizing the weight fraction(i.e. 0.30) of the third ethylene interpolymer, i.e. 0.9 ppm (0.3×3ppm), where 3 ppm is the upper limit on the ppm of metal C, or metal D,in the third ethylene interpolymer. In other cases, the upper limit onthe ppm of metal C, or metal D, in the ethylene interpolymer product was0.7 ppm and in still other cases 0.5 ppm. The lower limit on the ppm ofmetal C, or metal D, in the ethylene interpolymer product was determinedby minimizing the weight fraction (i.e. 0.0) of the third ethyleneinterpolymer, i.e. 0.0 ppm (0.0×0.03 ppm), where 0.03 ppm was the lowerlimit on the ppm of metal C, or metal D, in the third ethyleneinterpolymer. In other cases when the ethylene interpolymer productcontains a small fraction of the third ethylene interpolymer the lowerlimit on the ppm of metal C, or metal D, in the ethylene interpolymerproduct may be 0.0015 ppm or 0.003 ppm, i.e. 5 and 10% of the thirdethylene interpolymer, respectively.

The hafnium to titanium ratio (Hf/Ti) in the ethylene interpolymerproduct may range from 24 to 0.00013, as determined by NeutronActivation Analysis. A Hf/Ti ratio of 24 may result in the case of anethylene interpolymer product containing 80 weight % of the a first anda third ethylene interpolymer containing 3 ppm of Hf (upper limit) and20 weight % of a second ethylene interpolymer containing 0.5 ppm of Ti(lower limit). A Hf/Ti ratio of 0.00013 may result in the case of anethylene interpolymer product containing 5 weight % of a first ethyleneinterpolymer containing 0.03 ppm of Hf (lower limit) and 95 weight % ofa second ethylene interpolymer containing 12 ppm of Ti (upper limit).

The upper limit on the total amount of catalytic metal (metals A and Z1and optionally metals Z2, C and D) in the ethylene interpolymer productmay be 11.6 ppm, in other cases 10 ppm and in still other cases 8 ppm.The lower limit on the total amount of catalytic metal in the ethyleneinterpolymer product may be 0.12 ppm, in other cases 0.15 ppm and instill other cases 0.2 ppm.

Embodiments of the ethylene interpolymer products disclosed herein havelower catalyst residues relative the polyethylene polymers described inU.S. Pat. No. 6,277,931. Higher catalyst residues in U.S. Pat. No.6,277,931 increase the complexity of the continuous solutionpolymerization process; an example of increased complexity includesadditional purification steps to remove catalyst residues from thepolymer. In contrast, in the present disclosure, catalyst residues arenot removed.

The upper limit on melt index of the ethylene interpolymer product maybe about 500 dg/min, in some cases about 400 dg/min; in other cases,about 300 dg/min, and, in still other cases about 200 dg/min. The lowerlimit on the melt index of the ethylene interpolymer product may beabout 0.3 dg/min, in some cases about 0.4 dg/min; in other cases about0.5 dg/min, and; in still other cases about 0.6 dg/min.

Catalyst Deactivation

In the continuous polymerization processes described in this disclosure,polymerization is terminated by adding a catalyst deactivator.Embodiments in FIGS. 2 and 3 show catalyst deactivation occurringeither: (a) upstream of the tubular reactor by adding a catalystdeactivator A from catalyst deactivator tank 18A, or; (b) downstream ofthe tubular reactor by adding a catalyst deactivator B from catalystdeactivator tank 18B. Catalyst deactivator tanks 18A and 18B may containneat (100%) catalyst deactivator, a solution of catalyst deactivator ina solvent, or a slurry of catalyst deactivator in a solvent. Thechemical composition of catalyst deactivator A and B may be the same, ordifferent. Non-limiting examples of suitable solvents include linear orbranched C₅ to C₁₂ alkanes. In this disclosure, how the catalystdeactivator is added is not particularly important. Once added, thecatalyst deactivator substantially stops the polymerization reaction bychanging active catalyst species to inactive forms. Suitabledeactivators are well known in the art, non-limiting examples include:amines (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,803,259 to Zboril et al.); alkali oralkaline earth metal salts of carboxylic acid (e.g. U.S. Pat. No.4,105,609 to Machan et al.); water (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,731,438 toBernier et al.); hydrotalcites, alcohols and carboxylic acids (e.g. U.S.Pat. No. 4,379,882 to Miyata); or a combination thereof (U.S. Pat. No.6,180,730 to Sibtain et al.). In this disclosure the quantify ofcatalyst deactivator added was determined by the following catalystdeactivator molar ratio: 0.3≤(catalyst deactivator)/((total catalyticmetal)+(alkyl aluminum co-catalyst)+(aluminum alkyl)) 2.0; where thecatalytic metal is the total moles of (metal A+metal Z1+any optionalcatalytic metals added the third reactor). The upper limit on thecatalyst deactivator molar ratio may be about 2, in some cases about 1.5and in other cases about 0.75. The lower limit on the catalystdeactivator molar ratio may be about 0.3, in some cases about 0.35 andin still other cases about 0.4. In general, the catalyst deactivator isadded in a minimal amount such that the catalyst is deactivated and thepolymerization reaction is quenched.

Solution Passivation

Referring to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 2 and 3; prior to enteringthe first V/L separator, a passivator or acid scavenger is added todeactivated solution A or B to form a passivated solution, i.e.passivated solution stream 23. Passivator tank 22 may contain neat(100%) passivator, a solution of passivator in a solvent, or a slurry ofpassivator in a solvent. Non-limiting examples of suitable solventsinclude linear or branched C₅ to C₁₂ alkanes. In this disclosure, howthe passivator is added is not particularly important. Suitablepassivators are well known in the art, non-limiting examples includealkali or alkaline earth metal salts of carboxylic acids orhydrotalcites. The quantity of passivator added can vary over a widerange. In this disclosure the quantity of passivator added wasdetermined by the total moles of chloride compounds added to thesolution process, i.e. the chloride compound “compound (vi)” plus themetal compound “compound (vii)”. Optionally, a first and second chloridecompound and a first and second metal compound may be used, i.e. to formthe first and second heterogeneous catalyst formulations; in this casethe amount of passivator added is determined by the total moles of allchloride containing compounds. The upper limit on the(passivator)/(total chlorides) molar ratio may be 15, in some cases 13and in other cases 11. The lower limit on the (passivator)/(totalchlorides) molar ratio may be about 5, in some cases about 7 and instill other cases about 9. In general, the passivator is added in theminimal amount to substantially passivate the deactivated solution.

Flexible Manufactured Articles

The ethylene interpolymer products disclosed herein may be convertedinto flexible manufactured articles such as monolayer or multilayerfilms. Non-limiting examples of processes to prepare such films includeblown film processes, double bubble processes, triple bubble processes,cast film processes, tenter frame processes and machine directionorientation (MDO) processes.

In the blown film extrusion process an extruder heats, melts, mixes andconveys a thermoplastic, or a thermoplastic blend. Once molten, thethermoplastic is forced through an annular die to produce athermoplastic tube. In the case of co-extrusion, multiple extruders areemployed to produce a multilayer thermoplastic tube. The temperature ofthe extrusion process is primarily determined by the thermoplastic orthermoplastic blend being processed, for example the melting temperatureor glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic and the desiredviscosity of the melt. In the case of polyolefins, typical extrusiontemperatures are from 330° F. to 550° F. (166° C. to 288° C.). Upon exitfrom the annular die, the thermoplastic tube is inflated with air,cooled, solidified and pulled through a pair of nip rollers. Due to airinflation, the tube increases in diameter forming a bubble of desiredsize. Due to the pulling action of the nip rollers the bubble isstretched in the machine direction. Thus, the bubble is stretched in twodirections: the transverse direction (TD) where the inflating airincreases the diameter of the bubble; and the machine direction (MD)where the nip rollers stretch the bubble. As a result, the physicalproperties of blown films are typically anisotropic, i.e. the physicalproperties differ in the MD and TD directions; for example, film tearstrength and tensile properties typically differ in the MD and TD. Insome prior art documents, the terms “cross direction” or “CD” is used;these terms are equivalent to the terms “transverse direction” or “TD”used in this disclosure. In the blown film process, air is also blown onthe external bubble circumference to cool the thermoplastic as it exitsthe annular die. The final width of the film is determined bycontrolling the inflating air or the internal bubble pressure; in otherwords, increasing or decreasing bubble diameter. Film thickness iscontrolled primarily by increasing or decreasing the speed of the niprollers to control the draw-down rate. After exiting the nip rollers,the bubble or tube is collapsed and may be slit in the machine directionthus creating sheeting. Each sheet may be wound into a roll of film.Each roll may be further slit to create film of the desired width. Eachroll of film is further processed into a variety of consumer products asdescribed below.

The cast film process is similar in that a single or multipleextruder(s) may be used; however, the various thermoplastic materialsare metered into a flat die and extruded into a monolayer or multilayersheet, rather than a tube. In the cast film process the extruded sheetis solidified on a chill roll.

In the double bubble process, a first blown film bubble is formed andcooled, then the first bubble is heated and re-inflated forming a secondblown film bubble, which is subsequently cooled. The ethyleneinterpolymer products, disclosed herein, are also suitable for thetriple bubble blown process. Additional film converting processes,suitable for the disclosed ethylene interpolymer products, includeprocesses that involve a Machine Direction Orientation (MDO) step; forexample, blowing a film, quenching the film and then subjecting the filmtube or film sheet to a MDO process at any stretch ratio. Additionally,the ethylene interpolymer product films disclosed herein are suitablefor use in tenter frame processes as well as other processes thatintroduce biaxial orientation.

Depending on the end-use application, the disclosed ethyleneinterpolymer products may be converted into films that span a wide rangeof thicknesses. Non-limiting examples include, food packaging filmswhere thicknesses may range from about 0.5 mil (13 μm) to about 4 mil(102 μm), and; in heavy duty sack applications film thickness may rangefrom about 2 mil (51 μm) to about 10 mil (254 μm).

The monolayer, in monolayer films, may contain more than one ethyleneinterpolymer product and/or one or more additional polymer; non-limitingexamples of additional polymers include ethylene polymers and propylenepolymers. The lower limit on the weight percent of the ethyleneinterpolymer product in a monolayer film may be about 3 wt. %, in othercases about 10 wt. % and in still other cases about 30 wt. %. The upperlimit on the weight percent of the ethylene interpolymer product in themonolayer film may be 100 wt. %, in other cases about 90 wt. % and instill other cases about 70 wt. %.

The ethylene interpolymer products disclosed herein may also be used inone or more layers of a multilayer film; non-limiting examples ofmultilayer films include three, five, seven, nine, eleven or morelayers. The disclosed ethylene interpolymer products are also suitablefor use in processes that employ micro-layering dies and/or feedblocks,such processes can produce films having many layers, non-limitingexamples include from 10 to 10,000 layers. The thickness of a specificlayer (containing the ethylene interpolymer product) within a multilayerfilm may be about 5%, in other cases about 15% and in still other casesabout 30% of the total multilayer film thickness. In other embodiments,the thickness of a specific layer (containing the ethylene interpolymerproduct) within a multilayer film may be about 95%, in other cases about80% and in still other cases about 65% of the total multilayer filmthickness. Each individual layer of a multilayer film may contain morethan one ethylene interpolymer product and/or additional thermoplastics.

Additional embodiments include laminations and coatings, wherein mono ormultilayer films containing the disclosed ethylene interpolymer productsare extrusion laminated or adhesively laminated or extrusion coated. Inextrusion lamination or adhesive lamination, two or more substrates arebonded together with a thermoplastic or an adhesive, respectively. Inextrusion coating, a thermoplastic is applied to the surface of asubstrate. These processes are well known to those experienced in theart. Frequently, adhesive lamination or extrusion lamination are used tobond dissimilar materials, non-limiting examples include the bonding ofa paper web to a thermoplastic web, or the bonding of an aluminum foilcontaining web to a thermoplastic web, or the bonding of twothermoplastic webs that are chemically incompatible, e.g. the bonding ofan ethylene interpolymer product containing web to a polyester orpolyamide web. Prior to lamination, the web containing the disclosedethylene interpolymer product(s) may be monolayer or multilayer. Priorto lamination the individual webs may be surface treated to improve thebonding, a non-limiting example of a surface treatment is coronatreating. A primary web or film may be laminated on its upper surface,its lower surface, or both its upper and lower surfaces with a secondaryweb. A secondary web and a tertiary web could be laminated to theprimary web; wherein the secondary and tertiary webs differ in chemicalcomposition. As non-limiting examples, secondary or tertiary webs mayinclude polyamide, polyester and polypropylene, or webs containingbarrier resin layers such as EVOH. Such webs may also contain a vapordeposited barrier layer; for example, a thin silicon oxide (SiO_(x)) oraluminum oxide (AlO_(x)) layer. Multilayer webs (or films) may containthree, five, seven, nine, eleven or more layers.

The ethylene interpolymer products disclosed herein can be used in awide range of manufactured articles comprising one or more films(monolayer or multilayer). Non-limiting examples of such manufacturedarticles include: food packaging films (fresh and frozen foods, liquidsand granular foods), stand-up pouches, retortable packaging andbag-in-box packaging; barrier films (oxygen, moisture, aroma, oil, etc.)and modified atmosphere packaging; light and heavy duty shrink films andwraps, collation shrink film, pallet shrink film, shrink bags, shrinkbundling and shrink shrouds; light and heavy duty stretch films, handstretch wrap, machine stretch wrap and stretch hood films; high clarityfilms; heavy-duty sacks; household wrap, overwrap films and sandwichbags; industrial and institutional films, trash bags, can liners,magazine overwrap, newspaper bags, mail bags, sacks and envelopes,bubble wrap, carpet film, furniture bags, garment bags, coin bags, autopanel films; medical applications such as gowns, draping and surgicalgarb; construction films and sheeting, asphalt films, insulation bags,masking film, landscaping film and bags; geomembrane liners formunicipal waste disposal and mining applications; batch inclusion bags;agricultural films, mulch film and green house films; in-storepackaging, self-service bags, boutique bags, grocery bags, carry-outsacks and t-shirt bags; oriented films, machine direction oriented (MDO)films, biaxially oriented films and functional film layers in orientedpolypropylene (OPP) films, e.g. sealant and/or toughness layers.Additional manufactured articles comprising one or more films containingat least one ethylene interpolymer product include laminates and/ormultilayer films; sealants and tie layers in multilayer films andcomposites; laminations with paper; aluminum foil laminates or laminatescontaining vacuum deposited aluminum; polyamide laminates; polyesterlaminates; extrusion coated laminates, and; hot-melt adhesiveformulations. The manufactured articles summarized in this paragraphcontain at least one film (monolayer or multilayer) comprising at leastone embodiment of the disclosed ethylene interpolymer products.

Desired film physical properties (monolayer or multilayer) typicallydepend on the application of interest. Non-limiting examples ofdesirable film properties include: optical properties (gloss, haze andclarity), dart impact, Elmendorf tear, modulus (1% and 2% secantmodulus), tensile properties (yield strength, break strength, elongationat break, toughness, etc.), heat sealing properties (heat sealinitiation temperature, SIT, and hot tack). Specific hot tack and heatsealing properties are desired in high speed vertical and horizontalform-fill-seal processes that load and seal a commercial product(liquid, solid, paste, part, etc.) inside a pouch-like package.

In addition to desired film physical properties, it is desired that thedisclosed ethylene interpolymer products are easy to process on filmlines. Those skilled in the art frequently use the term “processability”to differentiate polymers with improved processability, relative topolymers with inferior processability. A commonly used measure toquantify processability is extrusion pressure; more specifically, apolymer with improved processability has a lower extrusion pressure (ona blown film or a cast film extrusion line) relative to a polymer withinferior processability.

The films used in the manufactured articles described in this sectionmay optionally include, depending on its intended use, additives andadjuvants. Non-limiting examples of additives and adjuvants include,anti-blocking agents, antioxidants, heat stabilizers, slip agents,processing aids, anti-static additives, colorants, dyes, fillermaterials, light stabilizers, light absorbers, lubricants, pigments,plasticizers, nucleating agents and combinations thereof.

Rigid Manufactured Articles

The processes disclosed herein are also capable of making ethyleneinterpolymer products that have a useful combination of desirablephysical properties in rigid manufactured articles. Non-limitingexamples of rigid articles include: deli containers, margarine tubs,drink cups and produce trays; household and industrial containers, cups,bottles, pails, crates, tanks, drums, bumpers, lids, industrial bulkcontainers, industrial vessels, material handling containers, bottle capliners, bottle caps, living hinge closures; toys, playground equipment,recreational equipment, boats, marine and safety equipment; wire andcable applications such as power cables, communication cables andconduits; flexible tubing and hoses; pipe applications including bothpressure pipe and non-pressure pipe markets, e.g. natural gasdistribution, water mains, interior plumbing, storm sewer, sanitarysewer, corrugated pipes and conduit; foamed articles manufactured fromfoamed sheet or bun foam; military packaging (equipment and readymeals); personal care packaging, diapers and sanitary products;cosmetic, pharmaceutical and medical packaging, and; truck bed liners,pallets and automotive dunnage. The rigid manufactured articlessummarized in this paragraph contain one or more of the ethyleneinterpolymer products disclosed herein or a blend of at least one of theethylene interpolymer products disclosed herein with at least one otherthermoplastic.

Such rigid manufactured articles may be fabricated using the followingnon-limiting processes: injection molding, compression molding, blowmolding, rotomolding, profile extrusion, pipe extrusion, sheetthermoforming and foaming processes employing chemical or physicalblowing agents.

The desired physical properties of rigid manufactured articles depend onthe application of interest. Non-limiting examples of desired propertiesinclude: flexural modulus (1% and 2% secant modulus); tensile toughness;environmental stress crack resistance (ESCR); slow crack growthresistance (PENT); abrasion resistance; shore hardness; deflectiontemperature under load; VICAT softening point; IZOD impact strength; ARMimpact resistance; Charpy impact resistance, and; color (whitenessand/or yellowness index).

The rigid manufactured articles described in this section may optionallyinclude, depending on its intended use, additives and adjuvants.Non-limiting examples of additives and adjuvants include, antioxidants,slip agents, processing aids, anti-static additives, colorants, dyes,filler materials, heat stabilizers, light stabilizers, light absorbers,lubricants, pigments, plasticizers, nucleating agents and combinationsthereof.

Testing Methods

Prior to testing, each specimen was conditioned for at least 24 hours at23±2° C. and 50±10% relative humidity and subsequent testing wasconducted at 23±2° C. and 50±10% relative humidity. Herein, the term“ASTM conditions” refers to a laboratory that is maintained at 23±2° C.and 50±10% relative humidity; and specimens to be tested wereconditioned for at least 24 hours in this laboratory prior to testing.ASTM refers to the American Society for Testing and Materials.

Density

Ethylene interpolymer product densities were determined using ASTMD792-13 (Nov. 1, 2013).

Melt Index

Ethylene interpolymer product melt index was determined using ASTM D1238(Aug. 1, 2013). Melt indexes, I₂, I₆, I₁₀ and I₂₁ were measured at 190°C., using weights of 2.16 kg, 6.48 kg, 10 kg and a 21.6 kg respectively.Herein, the term “stress exponent” or its acronym “S.Ex.”, is defined bythe following relationship:

S.Ex.=log(I ₆ /I ₂)/log(6480/2160)

wherein I₆ and I₂ are the melt flow rates measured at 190° C. using 6.48kg and 2.16 kg loads, respectively.

Conventional Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)

Ethylene interpolymer product samples (polymer) solutions (1 to 3 mg/mL)were prepared by heating the polymer in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) androtating on a wheel for 4 hours at 150° C. in an oven. An antioxidant(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT)) was added to the mixture inorder to stabilize the polymer against oxidative degradation. The BHTconcentration was 250 ppm. Polymer solutions were chromatographed at140° C. on a PL 220 high-temperature chromatography unit equipped withfour Shodex columns (HT803, HT804, HT805 and HT806) using TCB as themobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/minute, with a differentialrefractive index (DRI) as the concentration detector. BHT was added tothe mobile phase at a concentration of 250 ppm to protect GPC columnsfrom oxidative degradation. The sample injection volume was 200 μL. TheGPC columns were calibrated with narrow distribution polystyrenestandards. The polystyrene molecular weights were converted topolyethylene molecular weights using the Mark-Houwink equation, asdescribed in the ASTM standard test method D6474-12 (December 2012). TheGPC raw data were processed with the Cirrus GPC software, to producemolar mass averages (M_(n), M_(w), M_(z)) and molar mass distribution(e.g. Polydispersity, M_(w)/M_(n)). In the polyethylene art, a commonlyused term that is equivalent to SEC is GPC, i.e. Gel PermeationChromatography.

Triple Detection Size Exclusion Chromatography (3D-SEC)

Ethylene interpolymer product samples (polymer) solutions (1 to 3 mg/mL)were prepared by heating the polymer in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) androtating on a wheel for 4 hours at 150° C. in an oven. An antioxidant(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT)) was added to the mixture inorder to stabilize the polymer against oxidative degradation. The BHTconcentration was 250 ppm. Sample solutions were chromatographed at 140°C. on a PL 220 high-temperature chromatography unit equipped with adifferential refractive index (DRI) detector, a dual-angle lightscattering detector (15 and 90 degree) and a differential viscometer.The SEC columns used were either four Shodex columns (HT803, HT804,HT805 and HT806), or four PL Mixed ALS or BLS columns. TCB was themobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/minute, BHT was added to themobile phase at a concentration of 250 ppm to protect SEC columns fromoxidative degradation. The sample injection volume was 200 μL. The SECraw data were processed with the Cirrus GPC software, to produceabsolute molar masses and intrinsic viscosity ([η]). The term “absolute”molar mass was used to distinguish 3D-SEC determined absolute molarmasses from the molar masses determined by conventional SEC. Theviscosity average molar mass (M_(v)) determined by 3D-SEC was used inthe calculations to determine the Long Chain Branching Factor (LCBF).

GPC-FTIR

Ethylene interpolymer product (polymer) solutions (2 to 4 mg/mL) wereprepared by heating the polymer in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) androtating on a wheel for 4 hours at 150° C. in an oven. The antioxidant2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpheno (BHT) was added to the mixture in orderto stabilize the polymer against oxidative degradation. The BHTconcentration was 250 ppm. Sample solutions were chromatographed at 140°C. on a Waters GPC 150C chromatography unit equipped with four Shodexcolumns (HT803, HT804, HT805 and HT806) using TCB as the mobile phasewith a flow rate of 1.0 mL/minute, with a FTIR spectrometer and a heatedFTIR flow through cell coupled with the chromatography unit through aheated transfer line as the detection system. BHT was added to themobile phase at a concentration of 250 ppm to protect SEC columns fromoxidative degradation. The sample injection volume was 300 μL. The rawFTIR spectra were processed with OPUS FTIR software and the polymerconcentration and methyl content were calculated in real time with theChemometric Software (PLS technique) associated with the OPUS. Then thepolymer concentration and methyl content were acquired andbaseline-corrected with the Cirrus GPC software. The SEC columns werecalibrated with narrow distribution polystyrene standards. Thepolystyrene molecular weights were converted to polyethylene molecularweights using the Mark-Houwink equation, as described in the ASTMstandard test method D6474. The comonomer content was calculated basedon the polymer concentration and methyl content predicted by the PLStechnique as described in Paul J. DesLauriers, Polymer 43, pages 159-170(2002); herein incorporated by reference.

The GPC-FTIR method measures total methyl content, which includes themethyl groups located at the ends of each macromolecular chain, i.e.methyl end groups. Thus, the raw GPC-FTIR data must be corrected bysubtracting the contribution from methyl end groups. To be more clear,the raw GPC-FTIR data overestimates the amount of short chain branching(SCB) and this overestimation increases as molecular weight (M)decreases. In this disclosure, raw GPC-FTIR data was corrected using the2-methyl correction. At a given molecular weight (M), the number ofmethyl end groups (NE) was calculated using the following equation;NE=28000/M, and NE (M dependent) was subtracted from the raw GPC-FTIRdata to produce the SCB/1000 C (2-Methyl Corrected) GPC-FTIR data.

Composition Distribution Branching Index (CDBI)

The “Composition Distribution Branching Index”, hereinafter CDBI, of thedisclosed Examples and Comparative Examples were measured using aCRYSTAF/TREF 200+ unit equipped with an IR detector, hereinafter theCTREF. The acronym “TREF” refers to Temperature Rising ElutionFractionation. The CTREF was supplied by PolymerChAR S.A. (ValenciaTechnology Park, Gustave Eiffel, 8, Paterna, E-46980 Valencia, Spain).The CTREF was operated in the TREF mode, which generates the chemicalcomposition of the polymer sample as a function of elution temperature,the Co/Ho ratio (Copolymer/Homopolymer ratio) and the CDBI (theComposition Distribution Breadth Index), i.e. CDBI₅₀ and CDBI₂₅. Apolymer sample (80 to 100 mg) was placed into the reactor vessel of theCTREF. The reactor vessel was filled with 35 ml of1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) and the polymer was dissolved by heatingthe solution to 150° C. for 2 hours. An aliquot (1.5 mL) of the solutionwas then loaded into the CTREF column which was packed with stainlesssteel beads. The column, loaded with sample, was allowed to stabilize at110° C. for 45 minutes. The polymer was then crystallized from solution,within the column, by dropping the temperature to 30° C. at a coolingrate of 0.09° C./minute. The column was then equilibrated for 30 minutesat 30° C. The crystallized polymer was then eluted from the column withTCB flowing through the column at 0.75 mL/minute, while the column wasslowly heated from 30° C. to 120° C. at a heating rate of 0.25°C./minute. The raw CTREF data were processed using Polymer ChARsoftware, an Excel spreadsheet and CTREF software developed in-house.CDBI₅₀ was defined as the percent of polymer whose composition is within50% of the median comonomer composition; CDBI₅₀ was calculated from thecomposition distribution cure and the normalized cumulative integral ofthe composition distribution curve, as described in U.S. Pat. No.5,376,439. Those skilled in the art will understand that a calibrationcurve is required to convert a CTREF elution temperature to comonomercontent, i.e. the amount of comonomer in the ethylene/α-olefin polymerfraction that elutes at a specific temperature. The generation of suchcalibration curves are described in the prior art, e.g. Wild, et al., J.Polym. Sci., Part B, Polym. Phys., Vol. 20 (3), pages 441-455: herebyfully incorporated by reference. CDBI₂₅ as calculated in a similarmanner; CDBI₂₅ is defined as the percent of polymer whose composition iswith 25% of the median comonomer composition. At the end of each samplerun, the CTREF column was cleaned for 30 minutes; specifically, with theCTREF column temperature at 160° C., TCB flowed (0.5 mL/minute) throughthe column for 30 minutes. CTREF deconvolutions were performed todetermine the amount of branching (BrF (# C6/1000 C)) and density of thefirst ethylene interpolymer using the following equations: BrF (#C6/1000 C)=74.29−0.7598 (T^(P) _(CTREF)), where T^(P) _(CTREF) is thepeak elution temperature of the first ethylene interpolymer in the CTREFchromatogram, and BrF (# C6/1000 C)=9341.8 (ρ¹)²−17766 (ρ¹)+8446.8,where ρ¹ was the density of the first ethylene interpolymer. The BrF (#C6/1000 C) and density of the second ethylene interpolymer wasdetermined using blending rules, given the overall BrF (# C6/1000 C) anddensity of the ethylene interpolymer product. The BrF (# C6/1000 C) anddensity of the second and third ethylene interpolymer was assumed to bethe same.

Neutron Activation (Elemental Analysis)

Neutron Activation Analysis, hereinafter N.A.A., was used to determinecatalyst residues in ethylene interpolymer products as follows. Aradiation vial (composed of ultrapure polyethylene, 7 mL internalvolume) was filled with an ethylene interpolymer product sample and thesample weight was recorded. Using a pneumatic transfer system the samplewas placed inside a SLOWPOKE™ nuclear reactor (Atomic Energy of CanadaLimited, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) and irradiated for 30 to 600 secondsfor short half-life elements (e.g., Ti, V, Al, Mg, and Cl) or 3 to 5hours for long half-life elements (e.g. Zr, Hf, Cr, Fe and Ni). Theaverage thermal neutron flux within the reactor was 5×10¹¹/cm²/s. Afterirradiation, samples were withdrawn from the reactor and aged, allowingthe radioactivity to decay; short half-life elements were aged for 300seconds or long half-life elements were aged for several days. Afteraging, the gamma-ray spectrum of the sample was recorded using agermanium semiconductor gamma-ray detector (Ortec model GEM55185,Advanced Measurement Technology Inc., Oak Ridge, Tenn., USA) and amultichannel analyzer (Ortec model DSPEC Pro). The amount of eachelement in the sample was calculated from the gamma-ray spectrum andrecorded in parts per million relative to the total weight of theethylene interpolymer product sample. The N.A.A. system was calibratedwith Specpure standards (1000 ppm solutions of the desired element(greater than 99% pure)). One mL of solutions (elements of interest)were pipetted onto a 15 mm×800 mm rectangular paper filter and airdried. The filter paper was then placed in a 1.4 mL polyethyleneirradiation vial and analyzed by the N.A.A. system. Standards are usedto determine the sensitivity of the N.A.A. procedure (in counts/μg).

Unsaturation

The quantity of unsaturated groups, i.e. double bonds, in an ethyleneinterpolymer product was determined according to ASTM D3124-98(vinylidene unsaturation, published March 2011) and ASTM D6248-98 (vinyland trans unsaturation, published July 2012). An ethylene interpolymerproduct sample was: a) first subjected to a carbon disulfide extractionto remove additives that may interfere with the analysis; b) the sample(pellet, film or granular form) was pressed into a plaque of uniformthickness (0.5 mm), and; c) the plaque was analyzed by FTIR.

Comonomer Content: Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy

The quantity of comonomer in an ethylene interpolymer product wasdetermine by FTIR and reported as the Short Chain Branching (SCB)content having dimensions of CH₃#/1000 C (number of methyl branches per1000 carbon atoms). This test was completed according to ASTM D6645-01(2001), employing a compression molded polymer plaque and aThermo-Nicolet 750 Magna-IR Spectrophotometer. The polymer plaque wasprepared using a compression molding device (Wabash-Genesis Seriespress) according to ASTM D4703-16 (April 2016).

Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)

Oscillatory shear measurements under small strain amplitudes werecarried out to obtain linear viscoelastic functions at 190° C. under N₂atmosphere, at a strain amplitude of 10% and over a frequency range of0.02-126 rad/s at 5 points per decade. Frequency sweep experiments wereperformed with a TA Instruments DHR3 stress-controlled rheometer usingcone-plate geometry with a cone angle of 5°, a truncation of 137 μm anda diameter of 25 mm. In this experiment a sinusoidal strain wave wasapplied and the stress response was analyzed in terms of linearviscoelastic functions. The zero shear rate viscosity (η₀) based on theDMA frequency sweep results was predicted by Ellis model (see R. B. Birdet al. “Dynamics of Polymer Liquids. Volume 1: Fluid Mechanics”Wiley-Interscience Publications (1987) p. 228) or Carreau-Yasuda model(see K. Yasuda (1979) PhD Thesis, IT Cambridge). In this disclosure, theLCBF (Long Chain Branching Factor) was determined using the DMAdetermined η₀.

Creep Test

Creep measurements were performed by an Anton Paar MCR 501 rheometer at190° C. using 25 mm parallel plate geometry under N₂ atmosphere. In thisexperiment, a compression molded circular plaque with a thickness of 1.8mm was placed between the pre-heated upper and lower measurementfixtures and allowed to come to thermal equilibrium. The upper plate wasthen lowered to 50 μm above the testing gap size of 1.5 mm. At thispoint, the excess material was trimmed off and the upper fixture waslowered to the measurement gap size. A waiting time of 10 min aftersample loading and trimming was applied to avoid residual stressescausing the strain to drift. In the creep experiment, the shear stresswas increased instantly from 0 to 20 Pa and the strain was recordedversus time. The sample continued to deform under the constant shearstress and eventually reached a steady rate of straining. Creep data wasreported in terms of creep compliance (J(t)) which has the units ofreciprocal modulus. The inverse of J(t) slope in the steady creepingregime was used to calculate the zero shear rate viscosity based on thelinear regression of the data points in the last 10% time window of thecreep experiment.

In order to determine if the sample was degraded during the creep test,frequency sweep experiments under small strain amplitude (10%) wereperformed before and after creep stage over a frequency range of 0.1-100rad/s. The difference between the magnitude of complex viscosity at 0.1rad/s before and after the creep stage was used as an indicator ofthermal degradation. The difference should be less than 5% to considerthe creep determined zero shear rate viscosity acceptable.

Creep experiments confirmed that Reference Line, shown in FIG. 1, forlinear ethylene interpolymers was also valid if the creep determined η₀was used rather than the DMA determined η₀. In this disclosure, the LCBF(Long Chain Branching Factor) was determined using the DMA determinedη₀. To be absolutely clear, the zero shear viscosity (ZSV [poise]) datareported in Tables 1A, 2 and 3 were measured using DMA.

¹³C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

Between 0.21 and 0.30 g of polymer sample was weighed into 10 mm NMRtubes. The sample was then dissolved with deuteratedortho-dichlorobenzene (ODCB-d4) and heated to 125° C.; a heat gun wasused to assist the mixing process. ¹³C NMR spectra (24000 scans perspectra) were collected on a Bruker AVANCE III HD 400 MHz NMRspectrometer fitted with a 10 mm PABBO probehead maintained at 125° C.Chemical shifts were referenced to the polymer backbone resonance, whichwas assigned a value of 30.0 ppm. ¹³C spectra were processed usingexponential multiplication with a line broadening (LB) factor of 1.0 Hz.They were also processed using Gaussian multiplication with LB=−0.5 Hzand GB=0.2 to enhance resolution. Short chain branching was calculatedusing the isolated method, where the integral area of peaks unique tothat branch length are compared to the total integral (standard practicefor branches up to and including C5). Quantitative data for the C1, C2,C3, C4, (C6+LCB) and the Saturated Termini (Sat. Term.) carbons waspresented in Table 12, all values reported per 1000 total carbon atoms,data accuracy was ±0.03 branches/1000 C. Any values of 0.03branches/1000 C or less were assumed beyond the ability to quantify andwere marked with a ‘D’ to indicate that a peak was detected but notquantifiable in Table 12.

FIG. 4 illustrates a long chain branched macromolecule on the left and aC6 branched macromolecule on the right and the nomenclature used toidentify each carbon atom. Branchpoint carbons peaks (CH_((L)) andCH₍₆₎, 38.2 ppm), as well as the 1B_(L)/1B₆, 2B_(L)/2B₆ and 3B_(L)/3B₆carbon peaks (at 14.1, 22.9, and 32.2 ppm, respectively) are closetogether in the spectrum. Additionally, the ends of a LCB arefunctionally equivalent to the ends of macromolecular chains. Inethylene-octene copolymers there was separation between the 2B₆ and 3B₆peaks and the 2 s & 3 s peaks in the chain termini. With the goal ofdeconvoluting the C₆ and LCB contributions to the branchpoint peak (38.2ppm), the spectra were reprocessed using a Gaussian function (as opposedto an exponential function), specifically LB=−0.5 and GB=0.2. The neteffect of this reprocessing was to ‘trade off’ some signal/noise (S/N)for additional resolution without negatively impacting peak integration,i.e. quantification of the respective carbons. Using this technique, thevalues for C6, LCB and saturated termini were obtained using thefollowing method: 1) the values for (C6+LCB) peak at 38.2 ppm and thetwo (LCB+sat. term.) peaks at 32.2 and 22.9 ppm were calculated from the‘standard’ spectrum; 2) these three peak regions in the Gaussianreprocessed spectra (i.e. 38.2, 32.2 and 22.9 ppm) were integrated toobtain a ratio for each carbon within the respective peak; 3) theseratios were converted to a value per 1000 carbons by normalizing by therespective integrated area measured in step 1); 4) the saturated terminiwas the average of that from 2 s & 3 s peaks; 5) the C6 value wasestimated from the integrals of the small peaks on the far left of thesethree regions, and; 6) the LCB value was estimated from the peak at 38.2ppm.

Film Dart Impact

Film dart impact strength was determined using ASTM D1709-09 Method A(May 1, 2009). In this disclosure the dart impact test employed a 1.5inch (38 mm) diameter hemispherical headed dart.

Film Puncture

Film “puncture”, the energy (J/mm) required to break the film wasdetermined using ASTM D5748-95 (originally adopted in 1995, reapprovedin 2012).

Film Lubricated Puncture

The “lubricated puncture” test was performed as follows: the energy(J/mm) to puncture a film sample was determined using a 0.75-inch(1.9-cm) diameter pear-shaped fluorocarbon coated probe travelling at10-inch per minute (25.4-cm/minute). ASTM conditions were employed.Prior to testing the specimens, the probe head was manually lubricatedwith Muko Lubricating Jelly to reduce friction. Muko Lubricating Jellyis a water-soluble personal lubricant available from Cardinal HealthInc., 1000 Tesma Way, Vaughan, ON L4K 5R8 Canada. The probe was mountedin an Instron Model 5 SL Universal Testing Machine and a 1000-N loadcell as used. Film samples (1.0 mil (25 μm) thick, 5.5 inch (14 cm) wideand 6 inch (15 cm) long) were mounted in the Instron and punctured.

Film Tensile

The following film tensile properties were determined using ASTM D882-12(Aug. 1, 2012): tensile break strength (MPa), elongation at break (%),tensile yield strength (MPa), tensile elongation at yield (%) and filmtoughness or total energy to break (ft·lb/in³). Tensile properties weremeasured in the both the machine direction (MD) and the transversedirection (TD) of the blown films.

Film Secant Modulus

The secant modulus is a measure of film stiffness. The secant modulus isthe slope of a line drawn between two points on the stress-strain curve,i.e. the secant line. The first point on the stress-strain curve is theorigin, i.e. the point that corresponds to the origin (the point of zeropercent strain and zero stress), and; the second point on thestress-strain curve is the point that corresponds to a strain of 1%;given these two points the 1% secant modulus is calculated and isexpressed in terms of force per unit area (MPa). The 2% secant modulusis calculated similarly. This method is used to calculated film modulusbecause the stress-strain relationship of polyethylene does not followHook's law; i.e. the stress-strain behavior of polyethylene isnon-linear due to its viscoelastic nature. Secant moduli were measuredusing a conventional Instron tensile tester equipped with a 200 lbf loadcell. Strips of monolayer film samples were cut for testing withfollowing dimensions: 14 inch long, 1 inch wide and 1 mil thick;ensuring that there were no nicks or cuts on the edges of the samples.Film samples were cut in both the machine direction (MD) and thetransverse direction (TD) and tested. ASTM conditions were used tocondition the samples. The thickness of each film was accuratelymeasured with a hand-held micrometer and entered along with the samplename into the Instron software. Samples were loaded in the Instron witha grip separation of 10 inch and pulled at a rate of 1 inch/mingenerating the strain-strain curve. The 1% and 2% secant modulus werecalculated using the Instron software.

Film Puncture-Propagation Tear

Puncture-propagation tear resistance of blown film was determined usingASTM D2582-09 (May 1, 2009). This test measures the resistance of ablown film to snagging, or more precisely, to dynamic puncture andpropagation of that puncture resulting in a tear. Puncture-propagationtear resistance was measured in the machine direction (MD) and thetransverse direction (TD) of the blown films.

Film Elmendorf Tear

Film tear performance was determined by ASTM D1922-09 (May 1, 2009); anequivalent term for tear is “Elmendorf tear”. Film tear was measured inboth the machine direction (MD) and the transverse direction (TD) of theblown films.

Film Opticals

Film optical properties were measured as follows: Haze, ASTM D1003-13(Nov. 15, 2013), and; Gloss ASTM D2457-13 (Apr. 1, 2013).

Film Dynatup Impact

Instrumented impact testing was carried out on a machine called aDynatup Impact Tester purchased from Illinois Test Works Inc., SantaBarbara, Calif., USA; those skilled in the art frequently call this testthe Dynatup impact test. Testing was completed according to thefollowing procedure. Test samples are prepared by cutting about 5 inches(12.7 cm) wide and about 6 inches (15.2 cm) long strips from a roll ofblown film; film was about 1 mil thick. Prior to testing, the thicknessof each sample was accurately measured with a handheld micrometer andrecorded. ASTM conditions were employed. Test samples were mounted inthe 9250 Dynatup Impact drop tower/test machine using the pneumaticclamp. Dynatup tup #1, 0.5 inch (1.3 cm) diameter, was attached to thecrosshead using the Allen bolt supplied. Prior to testing, the crossheadis raised to a height such that the film impact velocity is 10.9±0.1ft/s. A weight was added to the crosshead such that: 1) the crossheadslowdown, or tup slowdown, was no more than 20% from the beginning ofthe test to the point of peak load and 2) the tup must penetrate throughthe specimen. If the tup does not penetrate through the film, additionalweight is added to the crosshead to increase the striking velocity.During each test the Dynatup Impulse Data Acquisition System Softwarecollected the experimental data (load (lb) versus time). At least 5 filmsamples are tested and the software reports the following averagevalues: “Dynatup Maximum (Max) Load (lb)”, the highest load measuredduring the impact test; “Dynatup Total Energy (ft·lb)”, the area underthe load curve from the start of the test to the end of the test(puncture of the sample), and; “Dynatup Total Energy at Max Load(ft·lb)”, the area under the load curve from the start of the test tothe maximum load point.

Film Hot Tack

In this disclosure, the “Hot Tack Test” was performed as follows, usingASTM conditions. Hot tack data was generated using a J&B Hot Tack Testerwhich is commercially available from Jbi Hot Tack, Geloeslaan 30, B-3630Maamechelen, Belgium. In the hot tack test, the strength of a polyolefinto polyolefin seal is measured immediately after heat sealing two filmsamples together (the two film samples were cut from the same roll of2.0 mil (51-μm) thick film), i.e. when the polyolefin macromoleculesthat comprise the film are in a semi-molten state. This test simulatesthe heat sealing of polyethylene films on high speed automatic packagingmachines, e.g., vertical or horizontal form, fill and seal equipment.The following parameters were used in the J&B Hot Tack Test: filmspecimen width, 1 inch (25.4 mm); film sealing time, 0.5 second; filmsealing pressure, 0.27 N/mm²; delay time, 0.5 second; film peel speed,7.9 in/second (200 mm/second); testing temperature range, 203° F. to293° F. (95° C. to 145° C.); temperature increments, 9° F. (5° C.); andfive film samples were tested at each temperature increment to calculateaverage values at each temperature. The following data was recorded forthe disclosed Example films and Comparative Example films: the “TackOnset @ 1.0 N (° C.)”, the temperature at which a hot tack force of 1Nwas observed (average of 5-film samples); “Max Hot tack Strength (N)”,the maximum hot tack force observed (average of 5-film samples) over thetesting temperature range, and; “Temperature—Max. Hot tack (° C.)”, thetemperature at which the maximum hot tack force was observed.

Film Heat Seal Strength

In this disclosure, the “Heat Seal Strength Test” was performed asfollows. ASTM conditions were employed. Heat seal data was generatedusing a conventional Instron Tensile Tester. In this test, two filmsamples are sealed over a range of temperatures (the two film sampleswere cut from the same roll of 2.0 mil (51-μm) thick film). Thefollowing parameters were used in the Heat Seal Strength Test: filmspecimen width, 1 inch (25.4 mm); film sealing time, 0.5 second; filmsealing pressure, 40 psi (0.28 N/mm²); temperature range, 212° F. to302° F. (100° C. to 150° C.) and temperature increment, 9° F. (5° C.).After aging for at least 24 hours at ASTM conditions, seal strength wasdetermined using the following tensile parameters: pull (crosshead)speed, 12 inch/min (2.54 cm/min); direction of pull, 90° to seal, and; 5samples of film were tested at each temperature increment. The SealInitiation Temperature, hereinafter S.I.T., is defined as thetemperature required to form a commercially viable seal; a commerciallyviable seal has a seal strength of 2.0 lb per inch of seal (8.8 N per25.4 mm of seal).

Film Hexane Extractables

Hexane extractables was determined according to the Code of FederalRegistration 21 CFR § 177.1520 Para (c) 3.1 and 3.2; wherein thequantity of hexane extractable material in a film is determinedgravimetrically. Elaborating, 2.5 grams of 3.5 mil (89 μm) monolayerfilm was placed in a stainless steel basket, the film and basket wereweighed (w^(i)), while in the basket the film was: extracted withn-hexane at 49.5° C. for two hours; dried at 80° C. in a vacuum oven for2 hours; cooled in a desiccator for 30 25 minutes, and; weighed (w^(f)).The percent loss in weight is the percent hexane extractables (w^(C6)):w^(C6)=100×(w^(i)−w^(f))/w^(i).

EXAMPLES

Pilot Plant Polymerizations

The following examples are presented for the purpose of illustratingselected embodiments of this disclosure, it being understood that, theexamples presented hereinafter do not limit the claims presented.

Disclosed embodiments of the ethylene interpolymer products wereprepared in a continuous solution pilot plant operated in both seriesmode and parallel mode as fully described below. Comparative ethyleneinterpolymer products were also prepared in the same pilot plant.

Series Polymerization

Series mode Examples (Example 1, 2, 4) of ethylene interpolymer productsand series mode Comparatives 1 and 2 shown in Tables 4A through 4C wereproduced using an R1 pressure from about 14 MPa to about 18 MPa; R2 wasoperated at a lower pressure to facilitate continuous flow from R1 toR2. In series mode the first exit stream from R1 flows directly into R2.Both CSTR's were agitated to give conditions in which the reactorcontents were well mixed. The process was operated continuously byfeeding fresh process solvent, ethylene, 1-octene and hydrogen to thereactors. Methylpentane was used as the process solvent (a commercialblend of methylpentane isomers). The volume of the first CSTR reactor(R1) was 3.2 gallons (12 L), the volume of the second CSTR reactor (R2)was 5.8 gallons (22 L) and the volume of the tubular reactor (R3) was0.58 gallons (2.2 L).

The following components were used to prepare the first homogeneouscatalyst formulation, a bridged metallocene catalyst formulationcomprising: a component A, eitherdiphenylmethylene(cyclopentadienyl)(2,7-di-t-butylfuorenyl)hafniumdichloride [(2,7-tBu₂Flu)Ph₂C(Cp)HfCl₂] (abbreviated CpF-1) ordiphenylmethylene-(cyclopentadienyl)(2,7-di-t-butylfuorenyl)hafniumdimethyl, [(2,7-tBu₂Flu)Ph₂C(Cp)HfMe₂] (abbreviated CpF-2); component M,methylaluminoxane (MMAO-07); component B, trityltetrakis(pentafluoro-phenyl)borate, and; component P,2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol. As shown in Table 4A, CpF-1 was used toproduce Example 1 and CpF-2 was used to produce Examples 2-4. To preparethe bridged metallocene catalyst formulation the following catalystcomponent solvents were used: methylpentane for components M and P, andxylene for component A and B.

Comparative ethylene interpolymer products were prepare using the thirdhomogeneous catalyst formulation. In Comparative ethylene interpolymerproducts the third homogeneous catalyst formulation replaces the firsthomogeneous catalyst formulation. One embodiment of the thirdhomogeneous catalyst formulation was an unbridged single site catalystformulation comprising: component C, either cyclopentadienyltri(tertiary butyl)phosphinimine titanium dichloride[Cp[(t-Bu)₃PN]TiCl₂] (abbreviated PIC-1) or cyclopentadienyltri(isopropyl)phosphinimine titanium dichloride[Cp[(isopropyl)₃PN]TiCl₂] (abbreviated PIC-2); component M,methylaluminoxane (MMAO-07); component B, trityltetrakis(pentafluoro-phenyl)borate, and; component P,2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol. As shown in Table 4A, PIC-1 was used toproduce Comparative 1 and PIC-2 was used to produce Comparative 2. Toprepare the unbridged single site catalyst formulation the followingcatalyst component solvents were used: methylpentane for components Mand P, and; xylene for component A and B.

The quantity of CpF-1 or CpF-2 added to reactor 1 (R1) is shown in Table4A, e.g. “R1 catalyst (ppm)” was 0.872 ppm of CpF-1 in the case ofExample 1. The efficiency of the first homogeneous catalyst formulationwas optimized by adjusting the mole ratios of the catalyst componentsand the R1 catalyst inlet temperature. As shown in Table 4A, the moleratios optimized were: ([M]/[A]), i.e. [(MMAO-07)/(CpF-1)]; ([P]/]M]),i.e. [(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol)/(MMAO-07)], and; ([B]/[A]), i.e.[(trityl tetrakis(pentafluoro-phenyl)borate)/(CpF-1)]. To be more clear,in Example 1 (Table 4A), the mole ratios in R1 were: ([M]/[A])=74;([P]/[M])=0.2, and; ([B]/[A])=1.2. As shown in Table 4C, the catalystinlet temperature of the bridged metallocene catalyst formulation wasabout 143° C. in the case of CpF-1, and; about 21 to about 31° C. in thecase of CpF-2.

In the Comparatives the quantity of PIC-1 or PIC-2 added to reactor 1(R1) is shown in Table 4A, e.g. “R1 catalyst (ppm)” was 0.10 ppm ofPIC-1 in the case of Comparative 1. The efficiency of the thirdhomogeneous catalyst formulation was optimized by adjusting the moleratios of the catalyst components and the R1 catalyst inlet temperature.As shown in Table 4A, the mole ratios optimized were: ([M]/[C]), i.e.(MMAO-07)/(PIC-1); ([P]/[M]), i.e.(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol)/-(MMAO-07), and; ([B]/[C]), i.e.(trityl tetrakis(pentafluoro-phenyl)borate)/(PIC-1). To be more clear,as shown in Table 4A, in Comparative 1 the mole ratios in R1 were:([M]/[C])=100; ([P]/[M])=0.0, and; ([B]/[C])=1.1. As shown in Table 4C,the catalyst inlet temperature of the unbridged single site catalystformulation was about 21 to about 30° C.

In both Examples and Comparatives, a first heterogeneous catalystformulation was injected into the second reactor (R2), specifically afirst in-line Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation. The first in-lineZiegler-Natta catalyst formulation was prepared using the followingcomponents: component (v), butyl ethyl magnesium; component (vi),tertiary butyl chloride; component (vii), titanium tetrachloride;component (viii), diethyl aluminum ethoxide, and; component (ix),triethyl aluminum. Methylpentane was used as the catalyst componentsolvent. The first in-line Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation wasprepared using the following steps. In step one, a solution oftriethylaluminum and dibutylmagnesium, having a((dibutylmagnesium)/-((triethylaluminum)) molar ratio of 20 was combinedwith a solution of tertiary butyl chloride and allowed to react forabout 30 seconds (HUT-1); in step two, a solution of titaniumtetrachloride was added to the mixture formed in step one and allowed toreact for about 14 seconds (HUT-2), and; in step three, the mixtureformed in step two was allowed to reactor for an additional 3 seconds(HUT-3) prior to injection into R2. The in-line Ziegler-Natta catalystformulation was formed in R2 by injecting a solution of diethyl aluminumethoxide into R2. The quantity of titanium tetrachloride added toreactor 2 (R2) is shown in Table 4A, i.e. “R2 (vii) (ppm)”; to be moreclear, in Example 1 the solution in R2 contained 7.28 ppm of TiCl₄. Theefficiency of the first in-line Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation wasoptimized by adjusting the mole ratios of the catalyst components,specifically: ([vi]/[v]), i.e. (tertiary butyl chloride)/(butyl ethylmagnesium); ([viii]/[vii]), i.e. (diethyl aluminum ethoxide)/(titaniumtetrachloride), and; ([ix]/[vii]), i.e. (triethyl aluminum)/(titaniumtetrachloride). To be more clear, in Example 1 (Table 4A) the moleratios in R2 were: ([vi])/[v])=1.87; ([viii]/[vii])=1.35, and;([ix]/[vii])=0.35. Referring to FIG. 2, in both Examples andComparatives, 100% of the diethyl aluminum ethoxide in stream 10 d,component (viii), was added to reactor 12 a via stream 10 h.

Average residence time of the solvent in a reactor is primarilyinfluenced by the amount of solvent flowing through each reactor and thetotal amount of solvent flowing through the solution process, thefollowing are representative or typical values for the Examples andComparatives shown in Tables 4A-4C: average reactor residence timeswere: about 61 seconds in R1, about 73 seconds in R2, about 7.3 secondsfor an R3 volume of 0.58 gallons (2.2 L). Polymerization in thecontinuous solution polymerization process was terminated by adding acatalyst deactivator to the third exit stream exiting the tubularreactor (R3).

The catalyst deactivator used was octanoic acid (caprylic acid),commercially available from P&G Chemicals, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A. Thecatalyst deactivator was added such that the moles of fatty acid addedwere 50% of the total molar amount of hafnium, titanium and aluminumadded to the polymerization process; to be clear, the moles of octanoicacid added=0.5×(moles hafnium+moles titanium+moles aluminum); this moleratio was consistently used in both Examples and Comparatives.

A two-stage devolitizing process was employed to recover the ethyleneinterpolymer product from the process solvent, i.e. two vapor/liquidseparators were used and the second bottom stream (from the second V/Lseparator) was passed through a gear pump/pelletizer combination. DHT-4V(hydrotalcite), supplied by Kyowa Chemical Industry Co. LTD, Tokyo,Japan was used as a passivator, or acid scavenger, in the continuoussolution process. A slurry of DHT-4V in process solvent was added priorto the first V/L separator. The molar amount of DHT-4V added was 10-foldhigher than the molar amount of tertiary butyl chloride and titaniumtetrachloride added to the solution process.

Prior to pelletization the ethylene interpolymer product was stabilizedby adding 500 ppm of Irganox 1076 (a primary antioxidant) and 500 ppm ofIrgafos 168 (a secondary antioxidant), based on weight of the ethyleneinterpolymer product. Antioxidants were dissolved in process solvent andadded between the first and second V/L separators.

Tables 4A-4C disclose additional process parameters, e.g. ethylene and1-octene splits between the reactors, and reactor temperatures andethylene conversions, etc. In Tables 4A-4C the targeted ethyleneinterpolymer product was about 1.0 melt index (I₂) (as measuredaccording to ASTM D1239, 2.16 kg load, 190° C.) and about 0.917 g/cm³(as measured according to ASTM D792).

Parallel Polymerization

The pilot plant described above was reconfigured to operate in parallelmode. In parallel mode the first exit stream (exiting the first reactor)by-passes the second reactor and the first exit stream is combined withthe second exit stream (exiting the second reactor) downstream of thesecond reactor. To be more clear, FIG. 2 illustrates parallel modeoperation where: the first exit stream 11 g (dotted line) by-passes thesecond reactor 12 a, streams 11 g and 12 c (second exit stream fromreactor 12 a) are combined to form a third exit stream 12 d, and; thethird exit stream flows into the tubular reactor 17. As shown in Tables4A through 4C, Example 3 is one embodiment of an ethylene interpolymerproduct synthesized using the parallel mode of operation. Catalystoptimization and additional process parameters for Example 3, e.g.ethylene and 1-octene splits between the reactors, and reactortemperatures and ethylene conversions, etc., are summarized in Tables4A-4C. Given the continuous solution polymerization conditions shown inTable 4A through Table 4C, the resulting ethylene interpolymer productsproduced are summarized in Table 5. Table 5 also includes the followingcommercially available products: Comparative 10 and Comparative 11 arecommercially available solution process ethylene/1-octene polymersproduced by NOVA Chemicals Company (Calgary, Alberta, Canada) SURPASS©SPs116-C03 and SURPASS@ VPsK914-A01, respectively, both of theseproducts were produced using the unbridged single site catalystformulation in reactor 1 and the in-line Ziegler-Natta catalystformulation in reactor 2. As shown in Table 5, Neutron ActivationAnalysis results disclose catalyst residues in Examples 3-4 andComparatives 1, 2, 10 and 11.

Table 6 compares physical attributes of Example 4 with Comparative 1.The weight fractions, molecular weights (M_(n), M_(w) and M_(w)/M_(n)),branching (# C6/1000 C), CDBI₅₀, density, melt index and long chainbranching factor (LDBF) of the first ethylene interpolymer, secondethylene interpolymer, third ethylene interpolymer and the ethyleneinterpolymer product are disclosed. Results in Table 6 were generated bydeconvoluting the SEC and CTREF curves of Example 4 and Comparative 1into their respective components. Graphically, FIG. 5 illustrates thedeconvolution of the experimentally measured SEC of Example 4 into threecomponents, i.e. the first, second and third ethylene interpolymer. InExample 4 the first ethylene interpolymer having a density of 0.8943g/cm³ was produced using an ((1-octene)/(ethylene))^(R1) weight ratio of0.41. In contrast, in Comparative 1 the first ethylene interpolymerdensity having a density of 0.9112 g/cm³ was produced using an((1-octene)/-(ethylene))^(R1) weight ratio of 0.66. Even though Example4 was produced with a 40% lower octene/ethylene ratio, relative toComparative 1, the first ethylene interpolymer in Example 2 was of lowerdensity. Both of these trends shown by Example 4 employing the bridgedmetallocene catalyst formulation, i.e. a lower (octene/ethylene) ratioand a lower density are advantageous, relative to Comparative 1employing the unbridged single site catalyst formulation. Table 6 alsodiscloses a Δρ, (ρ²−ρ¹) or [(the density of the second ethyleneinterpolymer)−(the density of the first ethylene interpolymer)], washigher in Example 4 relative to Comparative 1. Specifically, Δρ was0.0481 and 0.0087 g/cm³ for Example 4 and Comparative 1, respectively.Higher Δρ's are advantageous in several end-use applications. In FIG. 5:the molecular weight distribution of the first ethylene interpolymer wasassumed to similar to a Flory distribution; the molecular weightdistribution of the second ethylene interpolymer (produced with themulti-site in-line Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation), having aM_(w)/M_(n) of 3.09, was fit using four Flory distributions; themolecular weight distribution of the third ethylene interpolymer wasassumed to be the same as the second ethylene interpolymer. The weightpercent of the third ethylene interpolymer was assumed to be 5%.

As shown in Table 6, the weight average molecular weights (M_(w)) of thefirst ethylene interpolymers in Example 4 and Comparative 1 were 126,051and 137,984, respectively. The lower M_(w) of the first ethyleneinterpolymer in Example 4 reflects the fact that reactor 1 contained5.35 ppm of hydrogen; in contrast, in Comparative 1 the first ethyleneinterpolymer was synthesized using 0.6 ppm of hydrogen in reactor 1.Those of ordinary experience are cognizant of the fact that hydrogen isused to control M_(w) (or melt index) in olefin polymerization, i.e.hydrogen is very effective in terminating propagating macromolecules.Further, given Table 6, those of ordinary experience would haverecognized the higher molecular weight capability of the bridgedmetallocene catalyst relative to the unbridged single site catalyst.Elaborating, relative to Comparative 1, the amount of hydrogen used tosynthesize the first ethylene interpolymer in Example 4 was an order ofmagnitude higher, and yet the M_(w)'s differed by only 8.6%. Inaddition, Example 4 was produced at a higher reactor temperature (141°C.), relative to Comparative 1 (135° C.). These trends of higherhydrogen concentration and higher reactor temperature for the bridgedmetallocene catalyst formulation, relative to the unbridged single sitecatalyst formulation, demonstrate the higher molecular weight capabilityof the former.

Blown Films: Ethylene Interpolymer Products

Monolayer blown films were produced on a Gloucester extruder, 2.5 inch(6.45 cm) barrel diameter, 24/1 L/D (barrel Length/barrel Diameter)equipped with: a barrier screw; a low pressure 4 inch (10.16 cm)diameter die with a 35 mil (0.089 cm) die gap, and; a Western PolymerAir ring. Blown films, 1.0 mil (25 μm) thick, were produced at aconstant output rate of 100 lb/hr (45.4 kg/hr) by adjusting extruderscrew speed, and; the frost line height was maintained at about 16 inch(40.64 cm) by adjusting the cooling air. Blown film processingconditions for Examples 3 and 4 and Comparatives 10 and 11 are disclosedin Table 7. Monolayer blown film was also produced at 2.0 mil (51 μm)and 3.5 mil (89 μm) to determine the seal initiation temperature (SIT)and hexane extractables, respectively. Processing aid, encapsulated in apolyethylene masterbatch, was added to all resins prior to filmextrusion; the processing aid added was Dynamar FX 5920A (commerciallyavailable from The 3M Company, St. Paul, Minn., USA).

As shown in Table 7, in blown film processes, Examples 3 and 4 haveimproved processability relative to Comparative 10 and 11, i.e. lowerextrusion pressures and lower extruder current draw. This improvement inprocessability was evident even though Examples 3 and 4, had lower toequivalent melt indexes, relative to Comparative 10 and 11. Improvedprocessability is desirable to the film converter because improvedprocessability means higher production rates, e.g. an increase in thepounds of film produced per hour, or feet (meters) of film produced perhour.

As shown in Table 8A, relative to Comparative 10 and 11, blown filmsproduced from Examples 3 and 4 can be advantageously used in any filmapplication where improved film hexane extractables are desired, e.g. infood packaging applications. The hexane extractables of a blown filmprepared from Example 3 were: 48% lower relative to Comparative 10, and44% lower relative to Comparative 11. The hexane extractables of a blownfilm prepared from Example 4 were: 62% lower relative to Comparative 10,and 59% lower relative to Comparative 11.

As shown in Table 8A, the seal initiation temperature (SIT) of the filmprepared from Example 3 (parallel solution process) was 83.0° C.; whichwas improved (i.e. lower by 14%) relative to Comparative 10's SIT of96.9° C. Relative to Comparative 11, having an SIT of 88.1° C., the filmproduced from Example 3 was 6% improved (lower in SIT). Lower SIT's aredesirable in food packaging applications, e.g. high speed verticalform-fill-seal food packaging lines.

As shown in Table 8A, the machine direction Elmendorf tear strength ofthe film prepared from Example 3 (parallel solution process) was 321 g;i.e. improved relative to Comparative 10 and 11's Elmendorf film tearstrength of 270 and 277 g, respectively; percent improvements were 19and 16%, respectively. Higher Elmendorf tear strengths are desirable ina myriad of film applications, for example consumer food bags andpackages has industrial shipping bags and liners. Similarly, thetransverse direction Elmendorf tear strength of the film prepared fromExample 3 (parallel solution process) was 670 g; i.e. improved relativeto Comparative 10 and 11's transverse direction Elmendorf film tearstrengths of 541 and 533 g, respectively; percent improvements were 24and 26%, respectively.

As shown in Table 8B, relative to Comparative 10 and 11, blown filmsproduced from Examples 3 and 4 can be advantageously used in filmapplication where higher film moduli are desired. One of the desirablefeatures of higher film moduli is the ability to reduce film thickness,reducing film thickness contributes to source reduction, sustainabilityand reduces overall costs. The machine direction 1% secant modulus ofExample 3 (222 MPa) was 39% improved (higher) relative to Comparative 10(160 MPa) and 54% improved relative to Comparative 11 (144 MPa), and;the transverse direction 1% secant modulus of Example 3 (251 MPa) was52% and 72% improved relative to Comparative 10 (165 MPa) andComparative 11 (146 MPa), respectively. Similarly, the machine direction1% secant modulus of Example 4 (207 MPa) was 29% improved (higher)relative to Comparative 10 and 44% improved relative to Comparative 11and; the transverse direction 1% secant modulus of Example 4 (236) was43% and 62% improved relative to Comparative 10 and 11, respectively.This same trend was also evident in the 2% secant modulus. Specifically,the machine direction 2% secant modulus of Example 3 (187 MPa) was 34%improved (higher) relative to Comparative 10 (140 MPa) and 52% improvedrelative to Comparative 11 (123 MPa), and; the transverse direction 2%secant modulus of Example 3 (210 MPa) was 48% and 69% improved relativeto Comparative 10 (142 MPa) and Comparative 11 (124 MPa), respectively.Similarly, the machine direction 2% secant modulus of Example 4 (174MPa) as 24% improved (higher) relative to Comparative 10 and 41%improved relative to Comparative 11 and; the transverse direction 2%secant modulus of Example 4 (199 MPa) was 40% and 60% improved relativeto Comparative 10 and 11, respectively.

Table 8B also shows improved (higher) tensile yield strength for Example3 and 4 films, relative to Comparative 10 and 11 films. Higher yieldstrengths reduce the tendency of a loaded package to yielding, deform ordistort under its own weight. The machine direction tensile yieldstrength of a blown film prepared from Example 3 was 10.0 MPa, which was19% improved (higher) relative to Comparative 10 (8.4 MPa) and 30%higher relative to Comparative 11 (7.7 MPa), and the transversedirection tensile yield strength was 26% and 48% improved relative toComparative (8.6 MPa) and Comparative 11 (7.3 MPa), respectively. Themachine direction tensile yield strength of a blown film prepared fromExample 4 was 9.8 MPa, which was 17% improved (higher) relative toComparative 10 and 27% higher relative to Comparative 11, and thetransverse direction tensile yield strength was 24% and 47% improvedrelative to Comparative 10 and 11, respectively.

Continuous Polymerization Unit (CPU)

Comparison Of Catalyst Formulations In One Reactor

Small scale continuous solution polymerizations were conducted on aContinuous Polymerization Unit, hereinafter CPU. The purpose of theseexperiments were to directly compare the performance of the bridgedmetallocene catalyst formulation (containing component A, CpF-1) withthe unbridged single site catalyst formulation (containing component C,PIC-1) in one polymerization reactor.

The single reactor of the CPU was a 71.5 mL continuously stirred CSTR,polymerizations were conducted at 130° C., 160° C. or 190° C. and thereactor pressure was about 10.5 MPa. The CPU included a 20 mL upstreammixing chamber that was operated at a temperature that was 5° C. lowerthan the downstream polymerization reactor. The upstream mixing chamberwas used to pre-heat the ethylene, optional α-olefin and a portion ofthe process solvent. Catalyst feeds and the remaining solvent were addeddirectly to the polymerization reactor as a continuous process. Thetotal flow rate to the polymerization reactor was held constant at 27mL/minute. The components of the bridged metallocene catalystformulation (component A, component M, component B and component P) wereadded directly to the polymerization reactor to maintain the continuouspolymerization process. More specifically: component A and component Bwere premixed in xylene and injected directly into the reactor, andcomponent M and optionally component P were premixed in process solventand injected directly into the reactor. In the comparative experiments,the components of the unbridged single site catalyst formulation(component C, component M, component B and component P) were addeddirectly to the polymerization reactor to maintain the continuouspolymerization process. More specifically: component C and component Bwere premixed in xylene and injected directly into the reactor, andcomponent M and optionally component P were premixed in process solventand injected directly into the reactor. In the examples, the component Aemployed was CpF-1 [(2,7-tBu₂Flu)Ph₂C(Cp)HfCl₂]. In the comparatives,the component C employed was PIC-1 ([Cp[(t-Bu)₃PN]TiCl₂]). Components M,B and P were methylaluminoxane (MMAO-07), trityltetrakis(pentafluoro-phenyl)borate, and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol,respectively. Upon injection, the catalyst was activated in situ (in thepolymerization reactor) in the presence of ethylene and optionalα-olefin comonomer. Component M was added such that the mole ratio of([M]/[A]) or ([M]/[C]) was about 80; component B was added such that themole ratio of ([M]/[A]) or ([M]/[C]) was about 1.0, and; component P wasadded such that the mole ratio of ([P]/[M]) was about 0.4.

Ethylene was supplied to the reactor by a calibrated thermal mass flowmeter and was dissolved in the reaction solvent prior to thepolymerization reactor. Optional comonomer (1-octene) was premixed withethylene before entering the polymerization reactor, the(1-octene)/(ethylene) weight ratio varied from 0 to about 6.0. Ethylenewas fed to the reactor such that the ethylene concentration in thereactor varied from about 7 to about 15 weight %; where weight % is theweight of ethylene divided by the total weight of the reactor contents.The internal reaction temperature was monitored by a thermocouple in thepolymerization medium and was controlled at the target set point to±0.5° C. Solvent, monomer, and comonomer streams were all purified bythe CPU systems prior to entering the reactor.

The ethylene conversion, Q^(CPU) i.e. the fraction of ethylene convertedwas determined by an online gas chromatograph (GC) and polymerizationactivity, K_(p) ^(CPU) having dimensions of [L/(mmol-min)] was definedas:

$K_{p}^{CPU} = {Q^{CPU}( \frac{1 - Q^{CPU}}{\lbrack{catalyst}\rbrack \times {HUT}^{CPU}} )}$

where HUT^(CPU) was a reciprocal space velocity (Hold Up Time) in thepolymerization reactor having dimensions of minutes (min), and[catalyst] was the concentration of catalyst in the polymerizationreactor expressed in mmol/L of titanium or hafnium. In some CPUexperiments, Q^(CPU) was held constant at about 90% and the HUT^(CPU)was held constant at about 2.5 minutes. In other CPU experiments,Q^(CPU) was varied from about 75 to about 95%. Downstream of the reactorthe pressure was reduced to atmospheric pressure. The polymer productwas recovered as a slurry in the process solvent and subsequently driedby evaporation in a vacuum oven prior to characterization.

At a polymerization temperature of 130° C., the CPU conditions wereadjusted to synthesize ethylene interpolymers at approximately constantmelt index and density; specifically, a first ethylene interpolymersynthesized with the bridged metallocene catalyst formulation and acomparative ethylene interpolymer produced with the unbridged singlesite catalyst formulation. As shown by each row in Table 9A, at areactor temperature of 130° C., the bridged metallocene catalystformulation produced an improved (higher) SEC weight average molecularweight (M_(w) ^(A)), relative to the comparative unbridged single sitecatalyst formulation (M_(w) ^(C)). The percent improvement in M_(w) wasat least 5% as calculated using the following formula:

% Improved M _(w)=100%×(M _(w) ^(A) −M _(w) ^(C))/M _(w) ^(C)

Similarly, at a polymerization temperature of 160° C., each row of Table9B shows that the bridged metallocene catalyst formulation produced animproved (higher) SEC weight average molecular weight (M_(w) ^(A)),relative to the comparative unbridged single site catalyst formulation(M_(w) ^(C)). The percent improvement in M_(w) was at least 10%.

As shown in Table 10A, at a polymerization temperature of 130° C., the(α-olefin/ethylene) weight ratio in the reactor had to be adjusted suchthat ethylene interpolymers were produced having a target density. Morespecifically, (α-olefin/ethylene)^(A) was required to synthesize a firstethylene interpolymer, having a target density, using the bridgedmetallocene catalyst formulation. In contrast, (α-olefin/ethylene)^(C)was required to synthesize a control ethylene interpolymer, having thetarget density, using the unbridged single site catalyst formulation. Asshown by each row in Table 10A, at 130° C., the bridged metallocenecatalyst formulation allows the operation of the continuous solutionpolymerization process at an improved (reduced) (α-olefin/ethylene)weight ratio, relative to the control unbridged single site catalystformulation. The percent reduction in (α-olefin/ethylene) weight ratiowas at least −70% as calculated using the following formula:

${\% \mspace{14mu} {{Reduced}\mspace{14mu}\lbrack \frac{\alpha - {olefin}}{ethylene} \rbrack}} = {{100 \times \{ \frac{( \frac{\alpha - {olefin}}{ethylene} )^{A} - ( \frac{\alpha - {olefin}}{ethylene} )^{C}}{( \frac{\alpha - {olefin}}{ethylene} )^{C}} \}} \leq {{- 70}\%}}$

Similarly, at a polymerization temperature of 160° C., each row of Table10B shows that the bridged metallocene catalyst formulation allows theoperation of the continuous solution polymerization process at animproved (reduced) (α-olefin/ethylene) weight ratio, relative to thecontrol unbridged single site catalyst formulation. In Table 10B, thepercent reduction in (α-olefin/ethylene) weight ratio was at least −70%.

CPU experiments were also conducted to collect samples of the firstethylene interpolymer, produced with the bridged metallocene catalystformulation, for characterization, specifically, ¹³C NMR analysis toquantify long chain branching (LCB). Table 11 summarizes typical CPUprocess conditions at three reactor temperatures (130, 160 and 190° C.)and two levels of ethylene conversion (about 75 wt % and about 95 wt %).Polymer characterization data (first ethylene interpolymer produced withthe bridged metallocene catalyst formulation) is summarized in Table 12.As shown in Table 12, the amount of long chain branching (LCB) in theethylene interpolymer synthesized using the bridged metallocene catalystformulation varied from 0.03 to 0.23 LCB per 1000 carbon atoms.

TABLE 1A Reference resins (linear ethylene polymers) containingundetectable levels of Long Chain Branching (LCB). SCBD Reference Mv [η]M_(w)/ CH₃#/ ZSV Resins (g/mole) (dL/g) M_(n) A 1000 C (poise) Resin 11.06E+05 1.672 2.14 1.9772 10.5 7.81E+04 Resin 2 1.11E+05 1.687 2.001.9772 11.2 7.94E+04 Resin 3 1.06E+05 1.603 1.94 1.9772 15.9 7.28E+04Resin 4 1.07E+05 1.681 1.91 1.9772 11.0 8.23E+04 Resin 5 7.00E+04 1.1922.11 1.9772 13.7 1.66E+04 Resin 6 9.59E+04 1.497 1.88 1.9772 12.65.73E+04 Resin 7 1.04E+05 1.592 1.85 1.9772 12.8 6.60E+04 Resin 85.09E+04 0.981 2.72 2.1626 0.0 6.42E+03 Resin 9 5.27E+04 0.964 2.812.1626 0.0 6.42E+03 Resin 10 1.06E+05 1.663 1.89 1.1398 13.3 7.69E+04Resin 11 1.10E+05 1.669 1.81 1.1398 19.3 7.31E+04 Resin 12 1.07E+051.606 1.80 1.1398 27.8 6.99E+04 Resin 13 6.66E+04 1.113 1.68 2.1626 17.81.39E+04 Resin 14 6.62E+04 1.092 1.76 2.1626 21.4 1.45E+04 Resin 156.83E+04 1.085 1.70 2.1626 25.3 1.44E+04 Resin 16 7.66E+04 1.362 2.512.1626 4.0 3.24E+04 Resin 17 6.96E+04 1.166 2.53 2.1626 13.9 2.09E+04Resin 18 6.66E+04 1.134 2.54 2.1626 13.8 1.86E+04 Resin 19 5.81E+041.079 2.44 2.1626 5.8 1.10E+04 Resin 20 7.85E+04 1.369 2.32 2.1626 3.73.34E+04 Resin 21 6.31E+04 1.181 2.26 2.1626 4.3 1.61E+04 Resin 227.08E+04 1.277 2.53 2.1626 3.6 2.58E+04 Resin 23 9.91E+04 1.539 3.092.1626 14.0 8.94E+04 Resin 24 1.16E+05 1.668 3.19 2.1626 13.3 1.32E+05Resin 25 1.12E+05 1.689 2.71 2.1626 12.8 1.38E+05 Resin 26 1.14E+051.690 3.37 2.1626 8.0 1.48E+05 Resin 27 9.55E+04 1.495 3.44 2.1626 13.88.91E+04 Resin 28 1.00E+05 1.547 3.33 2.1626 14.1 9.61E+04 Resin 291.07E+05 1.565 3.52 2.1626 13.0 1.12E+05 Resin 30 1.04E+05 1.525 3.732.1626 13.4 1.10E+05 Resin 31 1.10E+05 1.669 3.38 2.1626 8.7 1.26E+05Resin 32 1.09E+05 1.539 3.42 2.1626 13.4 1.07E+05 Resin 33 8.04E+041.474 5.29 2.1626 1.7 7.60E+04 Resin 34 8.12E+04 1.410 7.64 2.1626 0.99.11E+04 Resin 35 7.56E+04 1.349 9.23 2.1626 1.0 9.62E+04 Resin 367.34E+04 1.339 8.95 2.1626 1.1 1.00E+05 Resin 37 1.01E+05 1.527 3.762.1626 13.3 1.11E+05

TABLE 1B Long Chain Branching Factor (LCBF) of reference resins (linearethylene polymers) containing undetectable levels of Long ChainBranching (LCB). Reference Log ZSV_(c) Log IV_(c) S_(h) S_(v) LCBFResins (log(poise)) log(dL/g) (dimensionless) (dimensionless)(dimensionless) Resin 1 4.87E+00 2.46E−01 −5.77E−02 −1.21E−02 3.49E−04Resin 2 4.90E+00 2.52E−01 −5.39E−02 −1.13E−02 3.05E−04 Resin 3 4.87E+002.41E−01 −2.46E−02 −5.16E−03 6.33E−05 Resin 4 4.93E+00 2.50E−01−9.46E−03 −1.99E−03 9.41E−06 Resin 5 4.20E+00 1.07E−01 −6.37E−02−1.34E−02 4.26E−04 Resin 6 4.78E+00 2.04E−01  5.83E−02  1.22E−023.57E−04 Resin 7 4.85E+00 2.31E−01 −1.73E−03 −3.65E−04 3.16E−07 Resin 83.69E+00 −8.43E−03  −2.17E−02 −4.55E−03 4.93E−05 Resin 9 3.68E+00−1.58E−02   1.21E−04  2.44E−05 1.47E−09 Resin 10 4.91E+00 2.38E−01 2.19E−02  4.60E−03 5.04E−05 Resin 11 4.90E+00 2.48E−01 −2.96E−02−6.21E−03 9.17E−05 Resin 12 4.88E+00 2.42E−01 −1.99E−02 −4.19E−034.17E−05 Resin 13 4.21E+00 9.14E−02  2.36E−02  4.96E−03 5.86E−05 Resin14 4.21E+00 9.22E−02  1.89E−02  3.97E−03 3.75E−05 Resin 15 4.22E+001.00E−01 −9.82E−03 −2.06E−03 1.01E−05 Resin 16 4.42E+00 1.44E−01−1.23E−02 −2.59E−03 1.60E−05 Resin 17 4.23E+00 1.01E−01 −4.64E−03−9.75E−04 2.26E−06 Resin 18 4.18E+00 8.91E−02  1.66E−03  3.47E−042.87E−07 Resin 19 3.97E+00 4.73E−02 −1.09E−02 −2.29E−03 1.25E−05 Resin20 4.47E+00 1.45E−01  2.28E−02  4.78E−03 5.44E−05 Resin 21 4.16E+008.23E−02  1.78E−02  3.73E−03 3.31E−05 Resin 22 4.32E+00 1.15E−01 2.45E−02  5.14E−03 6.30E−05 Resin 23 4.78E+00 2.22E−01 −2.25E−02−4.73E−03 5.31E−05 Resin 24 4.94E+00 2.56E−01 −3.13E−02 −6.57E−031.03E−04 Resin 25 5.02E+00 2.59E−01  3.91E−02  8.21E−03 1.60E−04 Resin26 4.97E+00 2.48E−01  3.94E−02  8.27E−03 1.63E−04 Resin 27 4.74E+002.09E−01 −2.83E−03 −5.95E−04 8.42E−07 Resin 28 4.79E+00 2.24E−01−3.13E−02 −6.57E−03 1.03E−04 Resin 29 4.83E+00 2.28E−01 −2.96E−03−6.22E−04 9.20E−07 Resin 30 4.80E+00 2.18E−01  1.47E−02  3.08E−032.26E−05 Resin 31 4.90E+00 2.44E−01 −1.40E−02 −2.94E−03 2.06E−05 Resin32 4.82E+00 2.23E−01  1.27E−02  2.66E−03 1.69E−05 Resin 33 4.51E+001.72E−01 −6.37E−02 −1.34E−02 4.26E−04 Resin 34 4.45E+00 1.52E−01−2.68E−02 −5.62E−03 7.52E−05 Resin 35 4.40E+00 1.33E−01  1.55E−02 3.26E−03 2.53E−05 Resin 36 4.43E+00 1.30E−01  5.82E−02  1.22E−023.55E−04 Resin 37 4.80E+00 2.17E−01  1.77E−02  3.71E−03 3.28E−05

TABLE 2 Long Chain Branching Factor (LCBF) of ethylene interpolymerproduct Examples 1-4 relative to Comparatives 1, 2, 10 and 11. Example 1Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Comp. 1 Comp. 2 Comp. 10 Comp. 11 Mv(g/mole) 9.64E+04 9.60E+04 1.02E+05 1.04E+05 9.84E+04 1.04E+05 9.90E+041.11E+05 [η] (dL/g) 1.432 1.426 1.410 1.433 1.515 1.557 1.494 1.565Mw/Mn 3.03 2.40 2.23 2.99 3.09 2.59 3.70 2.51 A 2.1626 2.1626 2.16262.1626 2.1626 2.1626 2.1626 2.1626 SCB (CH₃#/1000 C) 15.3 15.8 19.8 16.714.1 14.7 15.6 18.1 ZSV (poise) 1.05E+05 1.14E+05 1.58E+05 2.47E+051.06E+05 1.05E+05 9.09E+04 1.03E+05 Log ZSV_(c) (log(poise)) 4.86E+004.99E+00 5.16E+00 5.24E+00 4.86E+00 4.92E+00 4.72E+00 4.93E+00 Log IVc(log(dL/g)) 1.95E−01 1.95E−01 2.02E−01 2.02E−01 2.15E−01 2.29E−012.14E−01 2.41E−01 S_(h) (dimensionless) 1.80E−01 3.08E−01 4.42E−015.27E−01 8.16E−02 8.04E−02 −4.61E−02  2.50E−02 S_(v) (dimensionless)3.77E−02 6.46E−02 9.29E−02 1.11E−01 1.71E−02 1.69E−02 −9.67E−03 5.26E−03 LCBF (dimensionless) 3.39E−03 9.94E−03 2.05E−02 2.91E−027.00E−04 6.78E−04 2.23E−04 6.58E−05

TABLE 3 Long Chain Branching Factor (LCBF) of Comparative ethylenepolymers: Comparatives A-C and Comparatives D-G. Comp. A Comp. B Comp. CComp. D Comp. E Comp. F Comp. G Mv (g/mole) 8.79E+04 8.94E+04 8.70E+049.75E+04 1.02E+05 1.04E+05 9.76E+04 [η] (dL/g) 1.300 1.314 1.293 1.4411.488 1.507 1.448 Mw/Mn 1.88 1.80 1.89 3.04 2.85 2.79 2.89 A 2.16262.1626 2.1626 2.1626 2.1626 2.1626 2.1626 SCB (CH₃#/1000 C) 23.2 23.323.4 14.2 13.7 14.1 15.1 ZSV (poise) 1.51E+05 1.51E+05 1.53E+05 1.56E+051.43E+05 1.55E+05 1.35E+05 Log ZSV_(c) (log(poise)) 5.20E+00 5.22E+005.21E+00 5.03E+00 5.02E+00 5.06E+00 4.99E+00 Log IVc (log(dL/g))1.74E−01 1.79E−01 1.72E−01 1.95E−01 2.08E−01 2.15E−01 2.00E−01 S_(h)(dimensionless) 6.22E−01 6.14E−01 6.35E−01 3.51E−01 2.76E−01 2.90E−012.87E−01 S_(v) (dimensionless) 1.31E−01 1.29E−01 1.33E−01 7.38E−025.81E−02 6.09E−02 6.03E−02 LCBF (dimensionless) 4.06E−02 3.96E−024.23E−02 1.30E−02 8.03E−03 8.83E−03 8.65E−03 Ti (ppm) 0.33 ± 0.01^(a)1.5 2.2 2.2 2.0 Hf (ppm) ^(b) ^(b) ^(b) ^(b) ^(b) InternalUnsaturations/ 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 100 C SideChain Unsaturations/ 0.001 0.025 0.025 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.004 100 CTerminal Unsaturations/ 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.025 0.020 0.021 0.03 100 C^(a)average of AFFINITY (3 samples, but not Comp. A-C); via NeutronActivation Analysis (N.A.A.) ^(b) undetectable via Neutron ActivationAnalysis

TABLE 4A Continuous solution process catalyst parameters for Examples1-4 and Comparatives 1-2 Process Parameter Example 1 Example 2 Example 3Example 4 Comp. 1 Comp. 2 Reactor Mode Series Series Parallel SeriesSeries Series R1 Catalyst^(a) CpF-1 CpF-2 CpF-2 CpF-2 PIC-1 PIC-2(component A, or (A) (A) (A) (A) (C) (C) component C) R2 Catalyst^(b) ZNZN ZN ZN ZN ZN R1 catalyst (ppm) 0.872 0.262 0.380 0.380 0.100 0.280 R1([M^(c)]/[A]) or 74 64 48 64.2 100 40 R1 ([M]/[C]) mole ratio R1([P^(d)]/[M]) mole ratio 0.20 0.16 0.15 0.16 0 0.50 R1 ([B^(e)]/[A]) or1.20 1.20 1.36 1.20 1.10 1.23 R1 ([B]/[C]) mole ratio R2 (vii) (ppm)7.28 3.85 7.24 5.16 4.00 7.50 R2 (vi)/(v) mole ratio 1.87 2.07 2.07 2.072.04 1.80 R2 (viii)/(vii) mole ratio 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 R2(ix)/(vii) mole ratio 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 Prod. Rate (kg/h)78.2 74.8 61.5 72.0 88.2 76.7 ^(a)Catalysts: CpF-1 =[(2,7-tBu₂Flu)Ph₂C(Cp)HfCl₂]: CpF-2 = [(2,7-tBu₂Flu)Ph₂C(Cp)HfMe₂];PIC-1 = [Cp[(t-Bu)₃PN]TiCl₂], and; PIC-2 = [Cp[(isopropyl)₃PN]TiCl₂].^(b)in-line Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation ^(c)methylaluminoxane(MMAO-7) ^(d)2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol ^(e)trityltetrakis(pentafluoro-phenyl)borate

TABLE 4B Continuous solution process catalyst parameters for Examples1-4 and Comparatives 1-2. Process Parameter Example 1 Example 2 Example3 Example 4 Comp. 1 Comp. 2 R3 volume (L) 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2ES^(R1) (%) 40.0 40.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 40.0 ES^(R2) (%) 60.0 60.0 40.050.0 60.0 60.0 ES^(R3) (%) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1 ethylene 11.8 12.111.1 9.80 10.3 8.30 concentration (wt %) R2 ethylene 13.6 13.2 13.2 13.815.4 13.5 concentration (wt %) R3 ethylene 13.6 13.2 NA 13.8 15.4 13.5concentration (wt %) ((1-octene)/ 0.40 0.40 0.48 0.41 1.76 1.11(ethylene))^(R1) (wt/wt) ((1-octene)/ 0.67 0.52 0.0 0.201 0.0 0.0(ethylene))^(R2) (wt/wt) (1-octene/ 0.56 0.47 0.29 0.31 0.66 0.40ethylene) (wt/wt) (total) OS^(R1) (%) 28 34 100 67 100 100 OS^(R2) (%)72 66 0.0 33 0.0 0.0 OS^(R3) (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 H₂ ^(R1) (ppm) 8.00 8.006.82 5.35 0.20 0.60 H₂ ^(R2) (ppm) 1.00 0.50 2.78 18.00 3.70 1.00 H₂^(R3) (ppm) 0 0 0 0 0 0

TABLE 4C Continuous solution process catalyst parameters for Examples1-4 and Comparatives 1-2. Process Parameter Example 1 Example 2 Example3 Example 4 Comp. 1 Comp. 2 R1 total solution rate (kg/h) 276.6 261.8352.0 387.3 360.5 341.6 R2 total solution rate (kg/h) 323.4 338.2 198.0162.7 239.5 183.4 R3 solution rate (kg/h) 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 Total solutionrate (kg/h) 600 600 550 550 600 525 R1 feed inlet temp (° C.) 30 30 3030 30 30 R2 feed inlet temp (° C.) 30 30 50 50 30 40 R3 feed inlettemp(° C.) NA 130 130 130 130 130 R1 catalyst inlet temp (° C.) 143 3124 21 21 30 R2 catalyst inlet temp (° C.) 38 38 38 38 38 38 R1 Mean temp(° C.) 164.0 164.0 154.7 141.1 141.0 135.3 R2 Mean temp (° C.) 190.3185.0 205.7 197.7 206.0 196.1 R3 exit temp (° C.) 194.7 189.3 181.6197.4 208.0 196.6 Q^(R1) (%) 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 78.2 91.0 Q^(R2) (%)80.0 80.0 95.0 81.7 80.0 83.8 Q^((R2+R3)) (%) 83.5 83.0 NA 84.6 80.886.1 Q^(R3) (%) 2.4 2.0 NA 1.7 4.0 1.5 Q^(T) (%) 88.7 88.4 89.9 90.893.4 91.1

TABLE 5 Physical properties of Examples and Comparatives. ExampleExample Example Example Compar- Compar- Compar- Compar- PhysicalProperty 1 2 3 4 ative 1 ative 2 ative 10 ative 11 Density (g/cc) 0.91780.9170 0.9177 0.9170 0.9169  0.9163 0.9156 0.9124 Melt Index, I₂(dg/min) 1.07 0.99 0.92 0.70 0.88 0.85 0.95 0.92 Stress Exponent 1.331.32 1.38 1.40 1.23 1.25 1.23 1.24 I₁₀/I₂ 7.96 7.85 8.56 8.94 7.10 7.207.17 n/a MFR, I₂₁/I₂ 27.5 26.4 29.8 34.8 23.4 22.8  24.7 23.3 SEC, M_(w)100119 100544 93315 106261 109444 99158     112007 107517 SEC,M_(w)/M_(n) 3.03 2.40 2.23 2.99 3.09 2.59 3.38 2.51 SEC, M_(z)/M_(w)2.66 2.09 1.73 2.05 2.16 2.54 2.59 2.14 CDBI₅₀ 38.4 37.3 57.0 49.8 74.831.1  70.4 59.7 Branch Freq. 15.3 15.8 19.8 16.7 14.1 14.7  15.6 8.1(C₆/1000 C) Comonomer mole % 3.1 3.2 4.0 3.3 2.8 2.9  3.1 3.6 Ti (ppm)n/a n/a 4.24 8.45 6.1 7.1^(a )   6.8^(b) Hf (ppm) n/a n/a 0.541 0.5020.0 0.0^(a )   0.0^(b) Al (ppm) n/a n/a 160 187 97 120^(a)   79^(b) Mg(ppm) n/a n/a 327 389 199 247^(a)   173^(b)  Cl (ppm) n/a n/a 69.5 12099 91^(a)   92^(b) Internal 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.008   0.008^(a)n/a 0.008 Unsaturation/100 C Side Chain 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.005  0.004^(a) n/a 0.003 Unsaturation/100 C Terminal 0.029 0.030 0.0250.049 0.044   0.045^(a) n/a 0.029 Unsaturation/100 C ^(a)average of 21samples, having similar melt index and density, produced in the solutionpilot plant. ^(b)average of ethylene interpolymer products produced incommercial plant.

TABLE 6 Physical attributes of the first, second and third ethyleneinterpolymer in Example 4, relative to Comparative 1. Example 4 Reactor1 Reactor 2 Reactor 3 Physical Attribute 1^(st) Interpoly 2^(nd)Interpoly 3^(rd) Interpoly Example 4 Weight Percent (%)   51.5 43.5   5% 100 M_(n) 64729   23029     23029 35536 M_(w) 126051   71144    71144 106261 Polydispersity (M_(w)/M_(n))    1.95 3.09   3.09 2.99 BrF(#C₆/1000 C)   30.0 ^(a) 2.58 ^(g) 2.58 16.7 CDBI₅₀ (%) (range) 90 60   60 49.8 Density (g/cm³)     0.8943 ^(b)  0.9424 ^(f) 0.9424 0.9170 MeltIndex (dg/min)    0.19 ^(c) 4.30 ^(c) 4.30 0.70 LCBF (dimensionless)   0.0565^(d) ^(e) ^(e) 0.0291 Comparative 1 Reactor 1 Reactor 2 Reactor3 Physical Attribute 1^(st) Interpoly 2^(nd) Interpoly 3^(rd) InterpolyComparative 1 Weight Percent (%) 35 60 5% 100 M_(n) 70678   24482  24482 35419 M_(w) 137984   76220   76220 109444 Polydispersity(M_(w)/M_(n))    1.95    3.11 3.11 3.09 BrF (#C₆/1000 C)   14.8 ^(a)  13.7 ^(g) 13.7 14.1 CDBI₅₀ (%) (range) 85 60 60 74.8 Density (g/cm³)    0.9112 ^(b)     0.9200 ^(f) 0.9200 0.9169 Melt Index (dg/min)   0.12 ^(c)    3.27 ^(c) 3.27 0.88 LCBF (dimensionless) ^(e) ^(e) ^(e)0.0007 ^(a) BrF (#C₆/1000 C) = 120.32807 − 2.1647891(T^(P) _(CTREF)) +0.0118658(T^(P) _(CTREF))² − 0.000022(T^(P) _(CTREF))³:; where T^(P)_(CTREF) is the peak elution temperature of the first ethyleneinterpolymer in the CTREF chromatogram. ^(b) BrF (#C₆/1000 C) = 9341.8(ρ¹)² − 17766 (ρ¹) + 8446.8, where ρ¹ was the density of the firstethylene interpolymer. ^(c) Melt Index (I₂, dg/min) = 5000[1 + (5.7e−5 ×Mw)^(2.0)]^(((−4.5−1)/2.0)) + 1.0e−6 where Mw is the Mw of each slice ofa MWD with a weight defined by a (wt. fraction * sigmoid function);where the sigmoid function = 1/(1 + exp(−(logMw − 4.2)/0.55)) ^(d)0.0582= LCBF^(Example 4)/(wt^(R1) _(fr)), where wt^(R1) _(fr) is the weightfraction of the first ethylene interpolymer in Example 4. ^(e) LCBF <0.0001 (undetectable levels of LCB) ^(f) density of the second and thirdethylene interpolymer given the linear specific volume blending rule andρ¹, ρ^(f) and weight fractions ^(g) BrF(#C₆/1000 C) of second and thirdethylene interpolymer given linear BrF blending rule and weightfractions

TABLE 7 Blown film processing conditions targeting 1.0 mil (25 μm) filmand output rate of 100 lb/hr. Processing Parameter Units Example 3Example 4 Comp. 10 Comp. 11 Density (g/cm³) 0.9177 0.9170 0.9156 0.9124Melt Index, I₂ (dg/min) 0.92 0.70 0.95 0.92 Processing Aid ppm 800(FX5920A)¹ 800 (FX5920A) 800 (FX5920A) 800 (FX5920A) Output (lbs/hr)lb/hr 100 100 100 100 Melt Temperature ° F. 430 434 430 430 ExtruderPressure psi 3820 3925 4145 4488 Extruder Current Amp 36.2 36 40 40Extruder Voltage Volt 188 190 190 204 Screw Speed Rpm 39 40 40 43 NipRoll Speed ft/min 131 131 130 130 Frost Line Height In 16 16 16 16Specific Output lb/(hr · rpm) 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.3 Specific Power lb/(hr ·amp) 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.5 Specific Energy W/lb/hr 68.1 69.0 76.0 81.6 ¹FX5920fluoroelastomer processing aid blend available from the 3M Company, St.Paul, MN, U.S.A.

TABLE 8A Blown film physical properties of Examples and Comparatives;film thickness 1.0 mil (25 μm) unless indicated otherwise. PhysicalProperty Units Method Example 3 Example 4 Comp. 10 Comp. 11 Density(g/cm³) ASTM D792 0.9177 0.9170 0.9156 0.9124 Melt Index, I₂ (dg/min)ASTM D1238 0.92 0.70 0.95 0.92 Film Thickness mil Micrometer 1.0 1.0 1.01.0 Film Hexane Extractables^(a) wt % 21 CFR 0.45 0.33 0.87 0.81§177.1520 S.I.T. @ 4.4N/13 mm^(b) ° C. In-house 83 102.3 96.9 88.1 TearMD g/mil ASTM D1922 321 189 270 277 Tear TD g/mil ASTM D1922 670 462 541533 Dart Impact g/mil ASTM D1709 404 569 695 770 Method A LubricatedPuncture J/mm In-house 66 68 95 91 Gloss at 45° ASTM D2457 41 57 78 79Haze % ASTM D1003 16.1 8.6 5 4.1 ^(a)= 3.5 mil film (89 μm) ^(b)= 2.0mil film (51 μm)

TABLE 8B Blown film physical properties of Examples and Comparatives;film thickness 1.0 mil (25 μm) unless indicated otherwise. PhysicalProperty Units Method Example 3 Example 4 Comp. 10 Comp. 11 Density(g/cm³) ASTM D792 0.9177 0.9170 0.9156 0.9124 Melt Index, I₂ (dg/min)ASTM D1238 0.92 0.70 0.95 0.92 Film Thickness mil Micrometer 1.0 1.0 1.01.0 1% Sec Modulus MD MPa ASTM D882 222 207 160 144 1% Sec Modulus TDMPa ASTM D882 251 236 165 146 2% Sec Modulus MD MPa ASTM D882 187 174140 123 2% Sec Modulus TD MPa ASTM D882 210 199 142 124 Tensile BreakStr MD MPa ASTM D882 39.3 34.2 35.2 57.3 Tensile Break Str TD MPa ASTMD882 39.5 34.1 51.6 47 Elongation at Break MD % ASTM D882 531 461 499639 Elongation at Break TD % ASTM D882 748 618 869 803 Tensile Yield StrMD MPa ASTM D882 10.0 9.8 8.4 7.7 Tensile Yield Str TD MPa ASTM D88210.8 10.7 8.6 7.3 Tensile Elong at Yield MD % ASTM D882 9 10 10 10Tensile Elong at Yield TD % ASTM D882 9 10 10 10

TABLE 9A Percent (%) improved SEC weight average molecular weight(M_(w)) at a reactor temperature of 130° C. and 90% ethylene conversionfor the bridged metallocene catalyst formulation relative to theunbridged single site catalyst formulation. Bridged MetalloceneUnbridged Single Site Catalyst Formulation Catalyst Formulation Weight %1-octene in M_(w) ^(A) M_(w) ^(C) % Improved M_(w) ethyleneinterpolymers Component A (see¹) Component C (see²) (see³) 0.1 CpF-1520658 PIC-1 493848 5.4 2.5 CpF-1 216926 PIC-1 165308 31 5.0 CpF-1179652 PIC-1 130600 38 7.5 CpF-1 160892 PIC-1 113782 41 10.0 CpF-1148783 PIC-1 103179 44 12.5 CpF-1 140021 PIC-1 95641 46 15.0 CpF-1133246 PIC-1 89892 48 17.5 CpF-1 127775 PIC-1 85302 50 20.0 CpF-1 123217PIC-1 81516 51 22.5 CpF-1 119332 PIC-1 78316 52 25.0 CpF-1 115961 PIC-175560 53 27.5 CpF-1 112994 PIC-1 73151 54 30.0 CpF-1 110351 PIC-1 7101955 32.5 CpF-1 107974 PIC-1 69112 56 35.0 CpF-1 105820 PIC-1 67392 5737.5 CpF-1 103852 PIC-1 65830 58 40.0 CpF-1 102045 PIC-1 64401 58 42.5CpF-1 100376 PIC-1 63087 59 45.0 CpF-1 98828 PIC-1 61873 60 ¹M_(w) ^(A)= 278325 × (Octene^(wt %))^(−0.272); where (Octene^(wt %)) is the weight% of octene in the ethylene/1-octene interpolymer ²M_(w) ^(C) = 225732 ×(Octene^(wt %))^(−0.340) ³100% × (M_(w) ^(A) − M_(w) ^(C))/M_(w) ^(C)

TABLE 9B Percent (%) improved SEC weight average molecular weight(M_(w)) at a reactor temperature of 160° C. and 90% ethylene conversionfor the bridged metallocene catalyst formulation relative to theunbridged single site catalyst formulation. Bridged MetalloceneUnbridged Single Site Catalyst Formulation Catalyst Formulation Weight %1-octene in M_(w) ^(A) M_(w) ^(C) % Improved M_(w) ethyleneinterpolymers Component A (see¹) Component C (see²) (see³) 0.1 CpF-1293273 PIC-1 248166 18 2.5 CpF-1 130734 PIC-1 91198 43 5.0 CpF-1 109858PIC-1 73513 49 7.5 CpF-1 99227 PIC-1 64804 53 10.0 CpF-1 92315 PIC-159257 56 12.5 CpF-1 87287 PIC-1 55285 58 15.0 CpF-1 83382 PIC-1 52237 6017.5 CpF-1 80217 PIC-1 49792 61 20.0 CpF-1 77573 PIC-1 47766 62 22.5CpF-1 75314 PIC-1 46048 64 25.0 CpF-1 73348 PIC-1 44564 65 27.5 CpF-171614 PIC-1 43262 66 30.0 CpF-1 70067 PIC-1 42107 66 32.5 CpF-1 68673PIC-1 41072 67 35.0 CpF-1 67408 PIC-1 40136 68 37.5 CpF-1 66251 PIC-139284 69 40.0 CpF-1 65186 PIC-1 38504 69 42.5 CpF-1 64202 PIC-1 37784 7045.0 CpF-1 63287 PIC-1 37119 70 ¹M_(w) ^(A) = 164540 ×(Octene^(wt %))^(−0.251); where (Octene^(wt %)) is the weight % ofoctene in the ethylene/1-octene interpolymer ²M_(w) ^(C) = 121267 ×(Octene^(wt %))^(−0.311) ³100% × (M_(w) ^(A) − M_(w) ^(C))/M_(w) ^(C)

TABLE 10A Percent (%) improvement (reduction) in (α-olefin/ethylene)weight ratio in the reactor feed, for the bridged metallocene catalystformulation relative to the unbridged single site catalyst formulation,to produce ethylene interpolymers at the densities shown (130° C.reactor temperature and about 90% ethylene conversion). BridgedMetallocene Unbridged Single Site Catalyst Formulation CatalystFormulation (α-olefin/ (α-olefin/ % Reduced (α-olefin/ Weight % 1-octenein ethylene)^(A) ethylene)^(C) ethylene) Ratio ethylene interpolymersComponent A (see¹) Component C (see²) (see³) 0.0 CpF-1 0.000 PIC-1 0.00n/a 2.5 CpF-1 0.0075 PIC-1 0.174 −96% 5.0 CpF-1 0.045 PIC-1 0.422 −89%7.5 CpF-1 0.088 PIC-1 0.690 −87% 10.0 CpF-1 0.136 PIC-1 0.980 −86% 12.5CpF-1 0.188 PIC-1 1.29 −85% 15.0 CpF-1 0.246 PIC-1 1.62 −85% 17.5 CpF-10.309 PIC-1 1.98 −84% 20.0 CpF-1 0.377 PIC-1 2.35 −84% 22.5 CpF-1 0.449PIC-1 2.75 −84% 25.0 CpF-1 0.527 PIC-1 3.17 −83% 27.5 CpF-1 0.610 PIC-13.60 −83% 30.0 CpF-1 0.698 PIC-1 4.06 −83% 32.5 CpF-1 0.790 PIC-1 4.55−83% 35.0 CpF-1 0.888 PIC-1 5.05 −82% 37.5 CpF-1 0.991 PIC-1 5.57 −82%40.0 CpF-1 1.10 PIC-1 6.12 −82% 42.5 CpF-1 1.21 PIC-1 6.68 −82% 45.0CpF-1 1.33 PIC-1 7.27 −82% ¹(α-olefin/ethylene)^(A) = 0.0004 ×(Octene^(wt %))² + 0.0121 × (Octene^(wt %)) − 0.0253; where(Octene^(wt %)) is the weight % of octene in the ethylene/1-octeneinterpolymer ²(α-olefin/ethylene)^(C) = 0.0017 × (Octene^(wt %))² +0.0862 × (Octene^(wt %)) − 0.0517 ³100% × ((α-olefin/ethylene)^(A) −(α-olefin/ethylene)^(C))/(α-olefin/ethylene)^(C)

TABLE 10B Percent (%) improvement (reduction) in (α-olefin/ethylene)weight ratio in the reactor feed, for the bridged metallocene catalystformulation relative to the unbridged single site catalyst formulation,to produce ethylene interpolymers at the densities shown (160° C.reactor temperature and about 90% ethylene conversion). BridgedMetallocene Unbridged Single Site Catalyst Formulation CatalystFormulation (α-olefin/ (α-olefin/ % Reduced (α-olefin/ Weight % 1-octenein ethylene)^(A) ethylene)^(C) ethylene) Ratio ethylene interpolymersComponent A (see¹) Component C (see²) (see³) 0.0 CpF-1 0.00 PIC-1 0.00n/a 2.5 CpF-1 0.0078 PIC-1 0.183 −96% 5.0 CpF-1 0.031 PIC-1 0.407 −92%7.5 CpF-1 0.066 PIC-1 0.653 −90% 10.0 CpF-1 0.112 PIC-1 0.920 −88% 12.5CpF-1 0.170 PIC-1 1.21 −86% 15.0 CpF-1 0.238 PIC-1 1.52 −84% 17.5 CpF-10.318 PIC-1 1.85 −83% 20.0 CpF-1 0.409 PIC-1 2.20 −81% 22.5 CpF-1 0.512PIC-1 2.57 −80% 25.0 CpF-1 0.625 PIC-1 2.97 −79% 27.5 CpF-1 0.750 PIC-13.39 −78% 30.0 CpF-1 0.886 PIC-1 3.82 −77% 32.5 CpF-1 1.03 PIC-1 4.28−76% 35.0 CpF-1 1.19 PIC-1 4.76 −75% 37.5 CpF-1 1.36 PIC-1 5.26 −74%40.0 CpF-1 1.54 PIC-1 5.78 −73% 42.5 CpF-1 1.74 PIC-1 6.33 −73% 45.0CpF-1 1.94 PIC-1 6.89 −72% ¹(α-olefin/ethylene)^(A) = 0.0009 ×(Octene^(wt %))² + 0.0027 × (Octene^(wt %)) − 0.0046; where(Octene^(wt %)) is the weight % of octene in the ethylene/1-octeneinterpolymer ²(α-olefin/ethylene)^(C) = 0.0017 × (Octene^(wt %))² +0.0771 × (Octene^(wt %)) − 0.0208 ³100% × ((α,-olefin/ethylene)¹ −(α-olefin/ethylene)^(C)/(α-olefin/ethylene)^(C)

TABLE 11 CPU continuous solution phase, one reactor, ethylenehomopolymerization using the bridged metallocene catalyst formulation.Polymerization Temp. (° C.) 130 160 190 Sample Code Example C1 ExampleC2 Example C3 Example C4 Example C5 Example C6 Component A¹ 0.15 0.470.19 0.82 0.22 0.93 Concentration in Reactor [mM/L] ([M]/[A]) mole ratio100 100 100 100 100 100 ([P]/[M]) mole ratio 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.400.40 ([B]/[A]) mole ratio 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 HUT^(CPU) (min)119 119 109 109 99 99 Q^(CPU) (%) 74.5 94.2 74.9 94.4 75.5 94.8 K_(p)^(CPU) 12731 22328 11727 15704 13116 17761 (L/(mM · min) ¹CpF-2 =[(2,7-tBu₂Flu)Ph₂C(Cp)HfMe₂]

TABLE 12 13C-NMR determined long chain branching (LCB) in the firstethylene interpolymer (ethylene homopolymer) produced using the bridgedmetallocene catalyst formulation¹ on the CPU. Sample Example C10 ExampleC11 Example C12 Example C13 Example C14 Example C15 CPU Reactor Temp. (°C.) 190 190 160 160 130 130 CPU Ethylene 95.6 85.3 95.0 75.3 93.6 85.1Conversion (wt %) CPU [ethylene] 0.62 2.10 0.57 2.80 0.53 1.23 out (wt.%) ¹³C LCB/1000 C 0.23 0.09 0.09 0.03 0.07 0.03 GPC M_(w) (g/mol) 4633793368 107818 255097 234744 305005 Pd (M_(w)/M_(n)) 1.88 1.88 1.85 1.92.02 2.29 ¹³C-NMR, C1/1000 C 2.37 1.68 1.64 0.98 0.94 0.73 ¹³C-NMR,C2/1000 C 0.2 0.14 0.17 0.10 0.12 0.09 ¹³C-NMR, C3/1000 C 0.08 0.05 0.05 D² D D ¹³C-NMR, C4/1000 C 0.07 0.05 0.05 D D D ¹³C-NMR, (C6 + 0.3 0.120.12 D 0.07 D LCB)/1000 C ¹³C-NMR, Sat. Term./ 1.1 0.52 0.47 0.22 0.230.21 1000 C M_(n) (g/mol) 24640 49615 58131 118329 116035 133001 M_(z)(g/mol) 73219 152320 176254 383637 447833 567658 I₂ (dg/min) 16.6 n/a0.15 n/a n/a n/a I₂₁ (dg/min) 380 n/a 10 0.54 0.53 0.12 I₂₁/I₂ 22.9 n/a66.1 n/a n/a n/a ¹Component A = [(2,7-tBu₂Flu)Ph₂C(Cp)HfMe₂] D =detectable but not quantifiable

What is claimed is:
 1. A polyethylene film comprising at least onelayer, wherein the layer comprises at least one ethylene interpolymerproduct comprising: (i) a first ethylene interpolymer; (ii) a secondethylene interpolymer, and; (iii) optionally a third ethyleneinterpolymer; wherein the ethylene interpolymer product has: adimensionless Long Chain Branching Factor, LCBF, greater than or equalto about 0.001; from about 0.0015 ppm to about 2.4 ppm of hafnium; hasfrom about 0.1 ppm to about 11.4 ppm of titanium; and has a density fromabout 0.862 to about 0.975 g/cc; wherein density is measured accordingto ASTM D792.
 2. The polyethylene film according to claim 1, wherein theethylene interpolymer product further comprising one or more of thefollowing: (i) greater than or equal to about 0.02 terminal vinylunsaturations per 100 carbon atoms; (ii) greater than or equal to about0.12 parts per million (ppm) of a total catalytic metal.
 3. Thepolyethylene film according to claim 1, wherein the ethyleneinterpolymer product has a melt index from about 0.3 to about 500dg/minute; wherein melt index is measured according to ASTM D1238 (2.16kg load and 190° C.).
 4. The polyethylene film according to claim 1,wherein the ethylene interpolymer product has a M_(w)/M_(n) from about 2to about
 25. 5. The polyethylene film according to claim 1, wherein theethylene interpolymer product has a CDBI₅₀ from about 20% to about 98%.6. The polyethylene film according to claim 1, wherein i) the firstethylene interpolymer is from about 5 to about 60 weight percent of theethylene interpolymer product; (ii) the second ethylene interpolymer isfrom about 20 to about 95 weight percent of the ethylene interpolymerproduct, and; (iii) optionally the third ethylene interpolymer is fromabout 0 to about weight percent of the ethylene interpolymer product;wherein weight percent is the weight of the first, the second or theoptional third ethylene interpolymer, individually, divided by theweight of the ethylene interpolymer product.
 7. The polyethylene filmaccording to claim 1, wherein (i) the first ethylene interpolymer has amelt index from about 0.01 to about 200 dg/minute; (ii) the secondethylene interpolymer has melt index from about 0.3 to about 1000dg/minute, and; (iii) optionally the third ethylene interpolymer has amelt index from about 0.5 to about 2000 dg/minute; wherein melt index ismeasured according to ASTM D1238 (2.16 kg load and 190° C.).
 8. Thepolyethylene film according to claim 1, wherein (i) the first ethyleneinterpolymer has a density from about 0.855 g/cm³ to about 0.975 g/cc;(ii) the second ethylene interpolymer has a density from about 0.89g/cm³ to about 0.975 g/cc, and; (iii) optionally the third ethyleneinterpolymer has density from about 0.855 g/cm³ to about 0.975 g/cc;wherein density is measured according to ASTM D792.
 9. The polyethylenefilm according to claim 1, wherein the ethylene interpolymer product ismanufactured using a solution polymerization process.
 10. Thepolyethylene film according to claim 1, wherein the ethyleneinterpolymer product further comprises from 0 to about 10 mole percentof one or more α-olefin.
 11. The polyethylene film according to claim10, wherein the one or more α-olefin are C₃ to C₁₀ α-olefins.
 12. Thepolyethylene film according to claim 10, wherein the one or moreα-olefin is 1-hexene, 1-octene or a mixture of 1-hexene and 1-octene.13. The polyethylene film according to claim 1, wherein the firstethylene interpolymer is produced using at least one homogeneouscatalyst formulation.
 14. The polyethylene film according to claim 1,wherein the first ethylene interpolymer is produced using a firsthomogeneous catalyst formulation.
 15. The polyethylene film according toclaim 14, wherein the first homogeneous catalyst formulation is abridged metallocene catalyst formulation.
 16. The polyethylene filmaccording to claim 15, wherein the bridged metallocene catalystformulation comprises a component A defined by Formula (I)

wherein M is a metal selected from titanium, hafnium and zirconium; G isthe element carbon, silicon, germanium, tin or lead; X represents ahalogen atom, R₆ groups are independently selected from a hydrogen atom,a C₁₋₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a C₁₋₂₀ alkoxy radical or a C₆₋₁₀ aryloxide radical, these radicals may be linear, branched or cyclic orfurther substituted with halogen atoms, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl radicals, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy radicals, C₆₋₁₀ aryl or aryloxy radicals; R₁ represents ahydrogen atom, a C₁₋₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a C₁₋₂₀ alkoxy radical or aC₆₋₁₀ aryl oxide radical; R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from ahydrogen atom, a C₁₋₂₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a C₁₋₂₀ alkoxy radical or aC₆₋₁₀ aryl oxide radical, and; R₄ and R₅ are independently selected froma hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₂₀ hydrocarbyl radial, a C₁₋₂₀ alkoxy radical or aC₆₋₁₀ aryl oxide radical.
 17. The polyethylene film according to claim1, wherein the second ethylene interpolymer is produced using a firstheterogeneous catalyst formulation; optionally, the third ethyleneinterpolymer is produced using the first heterogeneous catalystformulation or a second heterogeneous catalyst formulation.
 18. Thepolyethylene film according to claim 17, wherein the first and thesecond heterogeneous catalyst formulations are a first and a secondin-line Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation; optionally, the first andthe second in-line Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulations are the sameformulation.
 19. The polyethylene film according to claim 17, whereinthe first and the second heterogeneous catalyst formulations are a firstand a second batch Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulation; optionally, thefirst and the second batch Ziegler-Natta catalyst formulations are thesame formulation.
 20. The polyethylene film according to claim 16,wherein the third ethylene interpolymer is produced using a fifthhomogeneous catalyst formulation.
 21. The polyethylene film according toclaim 20, wherein the fifth homogeneous catalyst formulation is thebridged metallocene catalyst formulation, a third homogeneous catalystformulation or a fourth homogeneous catalyst formulation.
 22. Thepolyethylene film according to claim 21, wherein the third homogeneouscatalyst formulation is an unbridged single site catalyst formulationcomprising a component C defined by Formula (II)(L^(A))_(a)M(Pl)_(b)(Q)_(n)  (II) wherein M is a metal selected fromtitanium, hafnium and zirconium; L^(A) is selected from the groupconsisting of unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl, substitutedcyclopentadienyl, unsubstituted indenyl, substituted indenyl,unsubstituted fluorenyl and substituted fluorenyl; Pl is a phosphinimineligand; Q is independently selected from the group consisting of ahydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C₁₋₁₀ hydrocarbyl radical, a C₁₋₁₀alkoxy radical and a C₅₋₁₀ aryl oxide radical; wherein each of thehydrocarbyl, alkoxy, and aryl oxide radicals may be unsubstituted orfurther substituted by a halogen atom, a C₁₋₁₈ alkyl radical, a C₁₋₈alkoxy radical, a C₆₋₁₀ aryl or aryloxy radical, an amido radical whichis unsubstituted or substituted by up to two C₁₋₈ alkyl radicals or aphosphido radical which is unsubstituted or substituted by up to twoC₁₋₈ alkyl radicals; wherein a is 1; b is 1; n is 1 or 2; and (a+b+n) isequivalent to the valence of the metal M.
 23. The polyethylene filmaccording to claim 22, wherein the fourth homogeneous catalystformulation comprises a bulky metal-ligand complex that is not a memberof the chemical genera defined by Formula (I) or Formula (II).
 24. Thepolyethylene film according to claim 15, wherein the ethyleneinterpolymer product contains ≤2.4 ppm of a catalytic metal A, whereinthe catalytic metal A originates from the bridged metallocene catalystformulation.
 25. The polyethylene film according to claim 24; whereinthe catalytic metal A is hafnium.
 26. The polyethylene film according toclaim 17, wherein the ethylene interpolymer product contains a catalyticmetal Z1 and optionally a catalytic metal Z2 and the total amount of thecatalytic metal Z1 plus the catalytic metal Z2 is from about 0.1 toabout 12 parts per million; wherein the catalytic metal Z1 originatesfrom the first heterogeneous catalyst formulation and the catalyticmetal Z2 originates from the second heterogeneous catalyst formulation;optionally the catalytic metal Z1 and the catalytic metal Z2 are thesame metal.
 27. The polyethylene film according to claim 26; wherein thecatalytic metal Z1 and the catalytic metal Z2, are independentlyselected from titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum,chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium, rhenium, iron,ruthenium or osmium.
 28. The polyethylene film according to claim 26;wherein the catalytic metal Z1 and the catalytic metal Z2, areindependently selected from titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium orchromium.
 29. The polyethylene film according to claim 20, wherein theethylene interpolymer product contains ≤0.9 ppm of a catalytic metal D;wherein the catalytic metal D originates from the fourth homogeneouscatalyst formulation.
 30. The polyethylene film according to claim 29;wherein the catalytic metal D is titanium, zirconium, or hafnium. 31.The polyethylene film according to claim 1, wherein the first ethyleneinterpolymer has a first M_(w)/M_(n) from about 1.7 to about 2.8, thesecond ethylene interpolymer has a second M_(w)/M_(n) from about 2.2 toabout 4.4 and the optional third ethylene interpolymer has a thirdM_(w)/M_(n) from about 1.7 to about 5.0.
 32. The polyethylene filmaccording to claim 31, wherein the first M_(w)/M_(n) is lower than thesecond M_(w)/M_(n.)
 33. The polyethylene film according to claim 1,wherein the first ethylene interpolymer has a first CDBI₅₀ from about 70to about 98%, the second ethylene interpolymer has a second CDBI₅₀ fromabout 45 to about 98% and the optional third ethylene interpolymer has athird CDBI₅₀ from about 35 to about 98%.
 34. The polyethylene filmaccording to claim 33; wherein the first CDBI₅₀ is higher than thesecond CDBI₅₀.
 35. The polyethylene film according to claim 1, wherein amachine direction secant modulus measured at 1% strain is at least 25%higher and a transverse direction secant modulus measured at 1% strainis at least 40% higher; relative to a comparative polyethylene film ofthe same composition but the first ethylene interpolymer in the ethyleneinterpolymer product is replaced with a comparative ethyleneinterpolymer; wherein the first ethylene interpolymer is produced with abridged metallocene catalyst formulation and the comparative ethyleneinterpolymer is produced with an unbridged single site catalystformulation; wherein secant modui was determined according to ASTM D882.36. The polyethylene film according to claim 1, wherein a machinedirection secant modulus measured at 2% strain is at least 20% higherand a transverse direction secant modulus measured at 2% strain is atleast 40% higher; relative to a comparative polyethylene film of thesame composition but the first ethylene interpolymer in the ethyleneinterpolymer product is replaced with a comparative ethyleneinterpolymer; wherein the first ethylene interpolymer is produced with abridged metallocene catalyst formulation and the comparative ethyleneinterpolymer is produced with an unbridged single site catalystformulation; wherein secant modui was determined according to ASTM D882.37. The polyethylene film according to claim 1, wherein a weight %hexane extractable is improved, by being at least 40% lower, relative toa comparative polyethylene film of the same composition but the firstethylene interpolymer in the ethylene interpolymer product is replacedwith a comparative ethylene interpolymer; wherein the first ethyleneinterpolymer is produced with a bridged metallocene catalyst formulationand the comparative ethylene interpolymer is produced with an unbridgedsingle site catalyst formulation; wherein weight % hexane extractableswas determined according to Code of Federal Registration 21 CFR §117.1520 Para (c) 3.1 and 3.2.
 38. The polyethylene film according toclaim 1, wherein a machine direction Elmendorf tear strength isimproved, by being at least 15% higher, relative to a comparativepolyethylene film of the same composition but the first ethyleneinterpolymer in the ethylene interpolymer product is replaced with acomparative ethylene interpolymer; wherein the first ethyleneinterpolymer is produced with a bridged metallocene catalyst formulationand the comparative ethylene interpolymer is produced with an unbridgedsingle site catalyst formulation; wherein both the first ethyleneinterpolymer and the comparative ethylene interpolymer are produced in adual reactor solution process, wherein a first reactor and a secondreactor are configured in parallel; wherein Elmendorf tear wasdetermined according to ASTM D1922-09.
 39. The polyethylene filmaccording to claim 1, wherein a seal initiation temperature is improved,by being at least 5% lower, relative to a comparative polyethylene filmof the same composition but the first ethylene interpolymer in theethylene interpolymer product is replaced with a comparative ethyleneinterpolymer; wherein the first ethylene interpolymer is produced with abridged metallocene catalyst formulation and the comparative ethyleneinterpolymer is produced with an unbridged single site catalystformulation; wherein both the first ethylene interpolymer and thecomparative ethylene interpolymer are produced in a dual reactorsolution process, wherein a first reactor and a second reactor areconfigured in parallel.
 40. The polyethylene film according to claim 1,wherein the layer further comprises at least one second polymer.
 41. Thepolyethylene film according to claim 40, wherein the second polymer isan ethylene polymer, a propylene polymer or a mixture of the ethylenepolymer and the propylene polymer.
 42. The polyethylene film accordingto claim 1, wherein the film has a thickness form about 0.5 mil to about10 mil.
 43. The polyethylene film according to claim 1, wherein the filmcomprises from 2 to 11 layers, wherein at least one layer comprises theethylene interpolymer product.